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Finance refers to monetary resources and to the study and discipline of money, currency, assets and liabilities. As a subject of study, it is related to but distinct from economics, which is the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Based on the scope of financial activities in financial systems, the discipline can be divided into personal, corporate, and public finance.
Contango is a situation in which the futures price of a commodity is higher than the expected spot price of the contract at maturity. In a contango situation, arbitrageurs or speculators are "willing to pay more [now] for a commodity [to be received] at some point in the future than the actual expected price of the commodity [at that future point]. This may be due to people's desire to pay a premium to have the commodity in the future rather than paying the costs of storage and carry costs of buying the commodity today." On the other side of the trade, hedgers are happy to sell futures contracts and accept the higher-than-expected returns. A contango market is also known as a normal market or carrying-cost market.
Financial economics is the branch of economics characterized by a "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on both sides of a trade". Its concern is thus the interrelation of financial variables, such as share prices, interest rates and exchange rates, as opposed to those concerning the real economy. It has two main areas of focus: asset pricing and corporate finance; the first being the perspective of providers of capital, i.e. investors, and the second of users of capital. It thus provides the theoretical underpinning for much of finance.
This aims to be a complete article list of economics topics:
Fischer Sheffey Black was an American economist, best known as one of the authors of the Black–Scholes equation.
In finance, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, to make decisions about adding assets to a well-diversified portfolio.
Investment banking is an advisory-based financial service for institutional investors, corporations, governments, and similar clients. Traditionally associated with corporate finance, such a bank might assist in raising financial capital by underwriting or acting as the client's agent in the issuance of debt or equity securities. An investment bank may also assist companies involved in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and provide ancillary services such as market making, trading of derivatives and equity securities, FICC services or research. Most investment banks maintain prime brokerage and asset management departments in conjunction with their investment research businesses. As an industry, it is broken up into the Bulge Bracket, Middle Market, and boutique market.
In finance, a portfolio is a collection of investments.
Financial risk management is the practice of protecting economic value in a firm by managing exposure to financial risk - principally operational risk, credit risk and market risk, with more specific variants as listed aside. As for risk management more generally, financial risk management requires identifying the sources of risk, measuring these, and crafting plans to mitigate them. See Finance § Risk management for an overview.
Investment management is the professional asset management of various securities, including shareholdings, bonds, and other assets, such as real estate, to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of investors. Investors may be institutions, such as insurance companies, pension funds, corporations, charities, educational establishments, or private investors, either directly via investment contracts/mandates or via collective investment schemes like mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, or Real estate investment trusts.
Active management is an approach to investing. In an actively managed portfolio of investments, the investor selects the investments that make up the portfolio. Active management is often compared to passive management or index investing.
In financial economics, asset pricing refers to a formal treatment and development of two interrelated pricing principles, outlined below, together with the resultant models. There have been many models developed for different situations, but correspondingly, these stem from either general equilibrium asset pricing or rational asset pricing, the latter corresponding to risk neutral pricing.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to finance:
Amaranth Advisors LLC was an American multi-strategy hedge fund founded by Nicholas M. Maounis and headquartered in Greenwich, Connecticut. At its peak, the firm had up to $9.2 billion in assets under management before collapsing in September 2006, after losing in excess of $6 billion on natural gas futures. Amaranth Advisors collapse is one of the biggest hedge fund collapses in history and at the time (2006) largest known trading losses.
In finance, the Black–Litterman model is a mathematical model for portfolio allocation developed in 1990 at Goldman Sachs by Fischer Black and Robert Litterman, and published in 1992. It seeks to overcome problems that institutional investors have encountered in applying modern portfolio theory in practice. The model starts with an asset allocation based on the equilibrium assumption and then modifies that allocation by taking into account the opinion of the investor regarding future asset performance.
Clifford Scott Asness is an American hedge fund manager and the co-founder of AQR Capital Management. As of July 2024, Forbes estimated his net worth at US$2.0 billion.
Quantitative analysis is the use of mathematical and statistical methods in finance and investment management. Those working in the field are quantitative analysts (quants). Quants tend to specialize in specific areas which may include derivative structuring or pricing, risk management, investment management and other related finance occupations. The occupation is similar to those in industrial mathematics in other industries. The process usually consists of searching vast databases for patterns, such as correlations among liquid assets or price-movement patterns.
The Goldman Sachs asset management (GSAM) factor model is a quantitative investment model used by financial analysts to assess the potential performance and risk of company. There are various types of factor models – statistical models, macroeconomic models and fundamental models. While Goldman Sachs employs several, that described below is of the latter type.
In finance, active return refers to the returns produced by an investment portfolio due to active management decisions made by the portfolio manager that cannot be explained by the portfolio's exposure to returns or to risks in the portfolio's investment benchmark; active return is usually the objective of active management and subject of performance attribution. In contrast, passive returns refers to returns produced by an investment portfolio due to its exposure to returns of its benchmark. Passive returns can be obtained deliberately through passive tracking of the portfolio benchmark or obtained inadvertently through an investment process unrelated to tracking the index.
Rostin Behnam (born February 16, 1978) is an American lawyer and government official who currently serves as the 15th chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Prior to leading the CFTC, he served as one of five-member CFTC commissioners, having been nominated on July 13, 2017 by President Donald Trump to fulfill a term expiring June 19, 2021. Behnam was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on August 3, 2017, and sworn in as commissioner on September 6, 2017. On January 21, 2021, the commission members unanimously elected Behnam to be acting chairman following President Joe Biden' s inauguration and the resignation of Heath Tarbert, who served as chairman since July 15, 2019. Behnam was re-nominated by President Biden as a commissioner, and simultaneously nominated to chair the agency for a new 5-year term through June 19, 2026. Behnam was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on December 15, 2021, and sworn in as CFTC's chairman and chief administrative officer on January 4, 2022.
References
- 1 2 Roston, Eric (November 3, 2017). "There's One Unspeakable Fix That Would Help Pay for the GOP's Tax Cuts". Bloomberg.com.
- 1 2 3 Mehrling, Perry; Brown, Aaron (December 2011). Fischer Black and the Revolutionary Idea of Finance. Wiley.
- ↑ Djanga, Emmanuel (January 11, 2017). "The Black Litterman Model: Investment Theory Versus Market Reality | The Market Mogul". themarketmogul.com.
- ↑ Litterman, Bob; Quantitative Resources Group (2004). Modern Investment Management: An Equilibrium Approach. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471480655.
- ↑ Craig, Susanne; Protess, Ben; Rusli, Evelyn M. (16 May 2011). "The Goldman Sachs Diaspora". DealBook.
- ↑ "Leadership". Woodwell Climate. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
- ↑ "Robert Litterman | Climate Central". www.climatecentral.org.
- ↑ "Robert Litterman | Leaders | WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
- ↑ Strauss, Karsten (29 November 2017). "Business Leaders Explore A Path Toward A Carbon Tax". Forbes.
- ↑ Daniel, Kent D.; Litterman, Robert B.; Wagner, Gernot (15 October 2019). "Declining CO2 price paths". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (42): 20886–20891. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1817444116 . ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6800385 . PMID 31575747.
- ↑ "Climate-Related Market Risk Subcommittee | CFTC". www.cftc.gov.
- ↑ Saphir, Ann (12 June 2020). "U.S. Regulator to report on climate risks to markets in July". Reuters.
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