Robert de Hauteville (born early 1060s?), [1] also called Robert Scalio [1] or Robert Guiscard II, [2] [3] was a younger son of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia, and his second wife, Sikelgaita. The sources do not agree concerning whether he was older [1] or younger than his brother Guy. [4] Romuald of Salerno lists him before Guy. [5]
Robert accompanied his elder brother Roger Borsa in 1086, when the latter went to Palermo to confirm his possessions in the County of Sicily. He signed as a witness the document issued by Roger granting to the abbey of La Cava the monastery of the Holy Spirit in Bari. [3] He is last recorded in Sicily in 1096. [2]
John Tuzson argues that Robert later moved to Hungary in the following of his cousin, Queen Felicia, the wife of King Coloman of Hungary. [5] Felicia, unnamed, is described as "a lady of the highest nobility, daughter of King Robert Guiscard of Apulia" in the 14th-century Chronicon Pictum . [6] It is universally recognized that her father could not have been Robert Guiscard. It has generally been concluded that he was in fact Prince Robert I of Capua, but Tuzson argues that he was Count Roger I of Sicily, Robert Guiscard's brother. [5] He connects the younger Robert Guiscard and the queen's entourage to the Hungarian kindred of Oliver and Ratold, which the Chronicon claims originated in Caserta. [2] [7]
Robert Guiscard, also referred to as Robert de Hauteville, was a Norman adventurer remembered for his conquest of southern Italy and Sicily in the 11th century.
Humphrey of Hauteville, also nicknamed Abelard, was the third Norman Count of Apulia. He succeeded his brother Drogo.
Gisulf II was the last Lombard prince of Salerno (1052–1077).
Geoffrey of Hauteville was a Norman military leader and Count of the Capitanate, son of Tancred of Hauteville by his first wife Muriella.
Mauger of Hauteville was a younger son of Tancred of Hauteville by his second wife, Fressenda. He travelled to the Mezzogiorno with his brother William and his elder half-brother Geoffrey around 1053, though some sources indicate him coming later, c.1056.
Roger III was the eldest son of King Roger II of Sicily and Elvira of Castile. He was the Duke of Apulia from 1134 until his death.
Robert I was an Italo-Norman nobleman, the eldest son of Geoffrey of Hauteville, one of the elder sons of Tancred of Hauteville. He was the first count of Loritello in 1061.
The Drengots were a Norman family of mercenaries, one of the first to head to Southern Italy to fight in the service of the Lombards. They became the most prominent family after the Hautevilles.
Peter the Deacon was the librarian of the abbey of Montecassino and continuator of the Chronicon monasterii Casinensis, usually called the Monte Cassino Chronicle in English. The chronicle was originally written by Leo of Ostia. According to both Chalandon and Lord Norwich, Peter is a poor historian and writer, much inferior to Leo.
Miriarcha is the name given in the Chronicon breve normannicum to the Byzantine general who led the defence of the Catapanate of Italy in 1060–1062. The anonymous chronicler has, however, misinterpreted the Greek title merarches as a name. The actual name of the general is unknown, and since the rank of merarches is not otherwise clearly attested in southern Italy his exact function is not known either. Probably the office was immediately below that of the catapan.
Henry was the Count of Monte Sant'Angelo, with his seat at Foggia, from November 1081.
The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1194, involving many battles and independent conquerors.
The County of Monte Sant'Angelo or Gargano was a large Norman county in southern Italy, covering the Gargano Peninsula and much of the later Province of Foggia. Its comital seat was Monte Sant'Angelo.
The County of Apulia and Calabria, later the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria, was a Norman state founded by William of Hauteville in 1043, composed of the territories of Gargano, Capitanata, Apulia, Vulture, and most of Campania. It became a duchy when Robert Guiscard was raised to the rank of duke by Pope Nicholas II in 1059.
Richard of Hauteville was a noble knight of Hauteville family, the conquerors of South Italy during the 11th century.
The Chronica Romanorum pontificum et imperatorum ac de rebus in Apulia gestis is a 13th-century Latin prose chronicle by an anonymous monk of the monastery of Santa Maria della Ferraria in southern Italy. It is sometimes called the Ferraris Chronicle, Chronica Ferrariensis or Chronicle of Santa Maria di Ferraria. The chronicle was rediscovered in Bologna in the nineteenth century and published in English translation in 2017.
Ranulf I was the count of Caiazzo in the Principality of Capua from about 1078. He also brought the formerly Lombard counties of Alife, Telese and Sant'Agata dei Goti and the castles of Airola and Tocco Caudio under his control, dominating the region between Capua and Benevento. He passed this territorial lordship on intact to his heirs, and it remained in their possession until the death of his grandson and namesake, Ranulf II, in 1139.
Richard was the Italo-Norman count of Rupecanina.
Abulchares was a Byzantine general of Arab origin who served as the catepan of Italy from 1064 until his death. The chief sources for his catapanate are Skylitzes Continuatus and Anonymi Barensis Chronicon. Skylitzes Continuatus records that Abulchares was also duke (doux) of Dyrrhachium across the Adriatic, but this is chronologically impossible, since Perenos is recorded as duke at this time.
Joscelin was a Norman count of Molfetta on the Adriatic coast of southern Italy. He rejected the leadership of Duke Robert Guiscard and rebelled, perhaps as early as 1064, certainly by 1067. Defeated, he went over the Byzantines in 1068.