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Socialism is a political philosophy and movement encompassing a wide range of economic and social systems which are characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the economic, political, and social theories and movements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can be public, community, collective, cooperative, or employee. While no single definition encapsulates the many types of socialism, social ownership is the one common element, and is considered left-wing. Different types of socialism vary based on the role of markets and planning in resource allocation, on the structure of management in organizations, and from below or from above approaches, with some socialists favouring a party, state, or technocratic-driven approach. Socialists disagree on whether government, particularly existing government, is the correct vehicle for change.
The Socialist Party of America (SPA) was a socialist political party in the United States formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party of America who had split from the main organization in 1899.
Max Shachtman was an American Marxist theorist. He went from being an associate of Leon Trotsky to a social democrat and mentor of senior assistants to AFL–CIO President George Meany.
The Communist Party (CP) and its allies played a role in the United States labor movement, particularly in the 1930s and 1940s, but largely wasn't successful either in bringing the labor movement around to its agenda or in converting their influence in any particular union into membership gains for the Party. The CP has had only negligible influence in labor since its supporters' defeat in internal union political battles in the aftermath of World War II and the Congress of Industrial Organizations's (CIO) expulsion of unions in which the party held the most influence in 1950. The expelled parties were often raided by stronger unions, and most withered away.
The history of the socialist movement in the United States spans a variety of tendencies, including anarchists, communists, democratic socialists, Marxists, Marxist–Leninists, Trotskyists and utopian socialists. It began with utopian communities in the early 19th century such as the Shakers, the activist visionary Josiah Warren and intentional communities inspired by Charles Fourier. Labor activists, usually Jewish, German, or Finnish immigrants, founded the Socialist Labor Party of America in 1877. The Socialist Party of America was established in 1901. By that time, anarchism also rose to prominence around the country. Socialists of different tendencies were involved in early American labor organizations and struggles. These reached a high point in the Haymarket massacre in Chicago, which founded the International Workers' Day as the main labour holiday around the world, Labor Day and making the eight-hour day a worldwide objective by workers organizations and socialist parties worldwide.
Religious socialism is a type of socialism based on religious values. Members of several major religions have found that their beliefs about human society fit with socialist principles and ideas. As a result, religious socialist movements have developed within these religions. Those movements include Buddhist socialism, Christian socialism, Islamic socialism, and Jewish socialism. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica Online, socialism is a "social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources. According to the socialist view, individuals do not live or work in isolation but live in cooperation with one another. Furthermore, everything that people produce is in some sense a social product, and everyone who contributes to the production of a good is entitled to a share in it. Society as a whole, therefore, should own or at least control property for the benefit of all its members. [...] Early Christian communities also practiced the sharing of goods and labour, a simple form of socialism subsequently followed in certain forms of monasticism. Several monastic orders continue these practices today".
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State socialism is a political and economic ideology within the socialist movement that advocates state ownership of the means of production. This is intended either as a temporary measure, or as a characteristic of socialism in the transition from the capitalist to the socialist mode of production or to a communist society. State socialism was first theorised by Ferdinand Lassalle. It advocates a planned economy controlled by the state in which all industries and natural resources are state-owned.
Types of socialism include a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production and organizational self-management of enterprises as well as the political theories and movements associated with socialism. Social ownership may refer to forms of public, collective or cooperative ownership, or to citizen ownership of equity in which surplus value goes to the working class and hence society as a whole. There are many varieties of socialism and no single definition encapsulates all of them, but social ownership is the common element shared by its various forms Socialists disagree about the degree to which social control or regulation of the economy is necessary, how far society should intervene, and whether government, particularly existing government, is the correct vehicle for change.
Daniel De Leon, alternatively spelt Daniel de León, was a Curaçaoan-American socialist newspaper editor, politician, Marxist theoretician, and trade union organizer. He is regarded as the forefather of the idea of revolutionary industrial unionism and was the leading figure in the Socialist Labor Party of America from 1890 until the time of his death. De Leon was a co-founder of the Industrial Workers of the World and much of his ideas and philosophy contributed to the creations of Socialist Labor parties across the world, including: Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance.
Real socialism, better known as actually existing socialism or developed socialism, was an ideological catchphrase popularized during the Brezhnev era in the Eastern Bloc countries and the Soviet Union.
Orthodox Marxism is the body of Marxist thought which emerged after the death of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the late 19th century, expressed in its primary form by Karl Kautsky. Kautsky's views of Marxism dominated the European Marxist movement for two decades, and orthodox Marxism was the official philosophy of the majority of the socialist movement as represented in the Second International until the First World War in 1914, which caused Kautsky's influence to wane and brought to prominence the alternative orthodoxy of Vladimir Lenin. Orthodox Marxism aimed to simplify, codify and systematize Marxist method and theory by clarifying perceived ambiguities and contradictions in classical Marxism.
A socialist state, socialist republic, or socialist country, sometimes referred to as a workers' state or workers' republic, is a sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism. The term communist state is often used synonymously in the West, specifically when referring to one-party socialist states governed by Marxist–Leninist communist parties, despite these countries being officially socialist states in the process of building socialism and progressing toward a communist society. These countries never describe themselves as communist nor as having implemented a communist society. Additionally, a number of countries that are multi-party capitalist states make references to socialism in their constitutions, in most cases alluding to the building of a socialist society, naming socialism, claiming to be a socialist state, or including the term people's republic or socialist republic in their country's full name, although this does not necessarily reflect the structure and development paths of these countries' political and economic systems. Currently, these countries include Algeria, Bangladesh, Guyana, India, Nepal, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
The history of socialism has its origins in the Age of Enlightenment and the 1789 French Revolution along with the changes that it brought, although it has precedents in earlier movements and ideas. The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1847-48 just before the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe, expressing what they termed scientific socialism. In the last third of the 19th century parties dedicated to Democratic socialism arose in Europe, drawing mainly from Marxism. The Australian Labor Party was the world's first elected socialist party when it formed government in the Colony of Queensland for a week in 1899.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Marxism:
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Congresso Internacional Marx em Maio, 8, 9 e 10 de Maio de 2014, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa: "Roger Keeran – nasceu em Lapeer, Michigan, em 1944. Licenciado em Filosofia pela Wayne State University (Detroit), Mestre de História Americana e Doutorado em História pela Universidade de Wisconsin (Madison). Enquanto estudava, trabalhou na fábrica de automóveis da General Motors e foi co-presidente do Detroit Committee to End the War in Vietnam. Ensinou nas Universidades de Cornell, Princeton e Rutgers e foi professor e responsável pelo programa de pós-graduação em estudos sobre as políticas laborais do Empire State College (Universidade Estadual de Nova York). É autor de The Communist Party and the Auto Workers Union (Indiana University Press, 1980), e co-autor, com Thomas Kenny, de Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union, International Publishers, 1984 (em Portugal: O Socialismo Traído. Por trás do colapso da União Soviética, Edições Avante!, 2008). Escreveu também diversos artigos sobre a História dos Comunistas nos Estados Unidos. Desde 2013, é Professor Emérito no Empire State College."
- ↑ H. L. Green, review of Class and Culture in Cold war America: A Rainbow at Midnight by George Lipsitz, J. F. Bergin Publishers, 1982, in Oral History Review, 1983: "labor historians of the period like Joshua Freeman, Maurice Isserman, Roger Keeran, and Nelson Lichtenstein"
- ↑ Profils du personnel de l'Empire State College: Roger Keeran / [...] / B.A., Wayne State University; M.A., Ph.D. (history), University of Wisconsin}.
- ↑ Roger Keeran, Clete Daniel: A Remembrance, May 17, 2010, in Memory Book for Clete Daniel: In September 1973, Clete and I began our first full-time, tenure track teaching jobs at the ILR School. We were part of a group of six or seven new faculty that started at the same time.
- ↑ See the review published in Science & Society, Vol. 45, No 2, Summer 1981, p. 234 & seq.: "In this well-documented and superbly written book, Roger Keeran traces the work of Communist Party activists in the automobile industry beginning in the mid-1920s and ending with the decimation of the party's forces in the aftermath of Walter Reuther's victory in the late 1940s" ; or also Wilbur C. Rich's statement, in Coleman Young and Detroit Politics, Wayne State University Press, 1999, p. 69: "perhaps the most comprehensive look at the role played by the party in the early period of the UAW."
- ↑ Jerry Limbcke, Labor and capital at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century, p. 11-28, in Berch Berberoglu ed., Labor and Capital in the Age of Globalization: The Labor Processes and The Changing Nature of Work in the Global Economy, Rowman and Littelfield, 2002, 221 p.: "Nonconformity with the Cold War code could, in fact, be risky business for academics. When Roger Keeran broke out of that mold and wrote the first scholarly account of the purge of Communists from the United Auto Workers, he lost his job at Cornell."
- ↑ New York City Graduate Faculty Profiles, op. cit. : Roger Keeran / mentor, Master of Arts in Labor and Policy Studies.
- ↑ Roger Keeran, Thomas Kenny, Le socialisme trahi et les causes de la chute de l'URSS, Delga, 2012, p. 5 (Préface): "L'un de nous deux est historien spécialiste des États-Unis, et l'autre est économiste du monde du travail."
- ↑ See (Marxism) Socialism betrayed: A talk by Thomas Kenny given in Dublin, Eire, on September 23, 2005: The book is being translated in China, and has been translated into Persian.
- ↑ Socialism Betrayed is in Print Again, in Marxism Leninism Today. The Electronic Journal of Marxist-Leninist Thought: "Since 2004, Socialism Betrayed has been translated into a number of languages: Persian, Bulgarian, Russian, Greek, Portuguese, and Turkish. It will soon be published in French. A Spanish-language publisher is being sought."
- ↑ Review by Peter Symon, The Guardian, June 23, 2004, posted on the website cpa.org.au.
- ↑ Socialism Betrayed is in Print Again, op. cit. : "The first edition in English sold out largely due to the favorable publicity the book garnered from such reviewers as Mark Almberg of the People's Weekly World. As well, it was favorably reviewed in Britain by Andrew Murray of the Morning Star, in Ireland by the Socialist Voice, in Canada by the People'’s Voice and The Spark, in Australia by The Guardian and Australian Marxist Review, and in Germany by Marxistische Blaetter."
- ↑ In Roger Keeran’s own words: One of us (Keeran) has been a member of the Party for thirty years, in Letter written by Roger Keeran and Thomas Kenny to the National Board of the Communist Party, on the website of the National Board of the Communist Party, USA, April 18, 2010.
- ↑ The Editorial Board, on the website of Science and Society: A journal of Marxist thought and analysis, a quarterly journal founded in 1936.
- ↑ Referred to as "a good summary of the role of Communist Party Activists in the labor movement" by Michael D. Yates in Why Unions Matter, NYU Press, 2009, p. 280).
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