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The Reconstruction era was a period in American history following the American Civil War (1861–1865) and lasting until approximately the Compromise of 1877. Its main goals were to rebuild the nation after the war, reintegrate the former Confederate states, and address the social, political, and economic impacts of slavery.
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The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, was an agency of early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South. It was established on March 3, 1865, and operated briefly as a U.S. government agency, from 1865 to 1872, after the American Civil War, to direct "provisions, clothing, and fuel...for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children".
In the history of the United States, carpetbagger is a largely historical term used by Southerners to describe opportunistic Northerners who came to the Southern states after the American Civil War, who were perceived to be exploiting the local populace for their own financial, political, and/or social gain. The term broadly included both individuals who sought to promote Republican politics and individuals who saw business and political opportunities because of the chaotic state of the local economies following the war. In practice, the term carpetbagger was often applied to any Northerners who were present in the South during the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). The term is closely associated with "scalawag", a similarly pejorative word used to describe native white Southerners who supported the Republican Party-led Reconstruction.
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Tales of Soldiers and Civilians is a collection of short stories by American Civil War soldier, wit, and writer Ambrose Bierce, also published under the title In the Midst of Life. With a stated publication date of 1891 the stories describe unusual incidents in the lives of soldiers and civilians during the American Civil War. Tales of Soldiers and Civilians was named by the Grolier Club as one of the 100 most influential American books printed before 1900, stating "These short stories are among the finest, and best known, in American literature. ... Written in a clear simple style, with each phrase contributing to the total effect, Bierce's tales pointed the way for the American short-story writer." Bierce's famous story "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" is included in this collection.
Henry McNeal Turner was an American minister, politician, and the 12th elected and consecrated bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME). After the American Civil War, he worked to establish new A.M.E. congregations among African Americans in Georgia. Born free in South Carolina, Turner had learned to read and write and became a Methodist preacher. He joined the AME Church in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1858, where he became a minister. Founded by free blacks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the early 19th century, the A.M.E. Church was the first independent black denomination in the United States. Later Turner had pastorates in Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington, DC.
Belle Ville was a settlement of African Americans established in McIntosh County, Georgia during the Reconstruction Era after the U.S. Civil War. It was established by Tunis Campbell who bought 1,250 acres of land in the area after the war. As a justice of the peace, minister, and political boss, Campbell organized a black power structure in McIntosh County that protected freed people from white abuses, whether against their bodies or in labor negotiations. He headed a 300-strong African American militia that guarded him from reprisals by the Ku Klux Klan or others, even though his home was burned, he was poisoned, and his family lived in constant fear.
The "Original 33" were the first 33 African-American members of the Georgia General Assembly. They were elected to office in 1868, during the Reconstruction era. They were among the first African-American state legislators in the United States. Twenty-four of the members were ministers. Upon taking office, white Democrats, then a minority in the Assembly, conspired with enough white Republicans to expel the African-American legislators from the Assembly in September 1868. The next year, the Supreme Court of Georgia ruled that African Americans had the right to hold office in Georgia. The expelled legislators were reinstated and took office in January 1870.
Brigadier-General John Randolph Lewis was an American dentist, soldier, administrator, and postmaster, known for his work with the Freedmen's Bureau.
Simeon W. Beard was a minister, teacher, and politician who worked in Charleston, South Carolina and then in Augusta, Georgia. He served in the Union Army. He was a delegate to Georgia's constitutional convention in 1867 and 1868. African American legislators were expelled from office in Georgia.
References
- ↑ "Russell Duncan". Georgia Press. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
- ↑ "Reconstruction Interviews - GBH Openvault". openvault.wgbh.org. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
- ↑ "Russell Duncan".
- ↑ Copenhagen, University of (April 26, 2007). "Result". research.ku.dk.
- ↑ Petski, Denise (May 24, 2021). "Malcolm-Jamal Warner Acquires Film/TV Rights To Russell Duncan's 'Freedom's Shore', Will Star & Produce".
- ↑ Contemporary United States: An Age of Anger and Resistance. Bloomsbury Academic. 20 February 2018. ISBN 9781137605573.
- ↑ Drago, Edmund L. (1988). "Russell Duncan. Freedom's Shore: Tunis Campbell and the Georgia Freedmen. Athens: University of Georgia Press. 1986. Pp. xiv, 175. $20.00". The American Historical Review. 93 (1): 236. doi:10.1086/ahr/93.1.236.
- ↑ Perman, Michael (1995). "Russell Duncan. Entrepreneur for Equality: Governor Rufus Bullock, Commerce, and Race in Post—Civil War Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press. 1994. Pp. xii, 278. $40.00". The American Historical Review. 100 (5): 1690. doi:10.1086/ahr/100.5.1690.
- ↑ "Duncan, Russell [WorldCat Identities]".
- ↑ Wachtell, Cynthia (2003). "Reviewed work: Phantoms of a Blood-Stained Period: The Complete Civil War Writings of Ambrose Bierce, Russell Duncan, David J. Klooster". The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. 101 (1/2): 152–154. JSTOR 23384539 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ "Vanausdall on Duncan and Klooster, 'Phantoms of a Blood-Stained Period: The Complete Civil War Writings of Ambrose Bierce' | H-Indiana | H-Net". networks.h-net.org.
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