SHIRPA

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SHIRPA is a standardized set of experimental procedures used by scientists to characterize the phenotype of genetically modified laboratory mice. The protocols are designed to test muscle function, cerebellar function, sensory function and neuropsychiatric function. [1]

Contents

Origin

SHIRPA is an acronym of SmithKline Beecham, Harwell, Imperial College, Royal London Hospital, phenotype assessment), proposed in 1997 by a group of researchers from a number of British institutions and the pharmaceutical company, SmithKline Beecham. [2] [3] There are up to 40 tests in SHIRPA, across three screens of increasing complexity and specialization. [2] The first describes the behavior of the mouse subject by observation. The second involves a more thorough behavioral assessment and includes pathological analysis. The third screening stage is focused on potential animal models of neurological disease. [3] [4]

Testing of mutant mice

The protocol has been used to test several mutant mice, [5] including dystrophin-deficient mutants, [6] transgenic models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [7] and Alzheimer's disease, [8] and a spontaneous mutant with degeneration of the cerebellum. [9]

Modifications

The first part of the SHIRPA protocol was changed to include observations on morphology and dysmorphology. This protocol became known as the "modified SHIRPA" and has been used to screen for dominant phenotypes in mice. [10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hatcher JP, Jones DN, Rogers DC, et al. (November 2001). "Development of SHIRPA to characterise the phenotype of gene-targeted mice". Behav. Brain Res. 125 (1–2): 43–7. doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00275-3. PMID   11682092. S2CID   6313756.
  2. 1 2 Nolan PM, Peters J, Strivens M, et al. (August 2000). "A systematic, genome-wide, phenotype-driven mutagenesis programme for gene function studies in the mouse". Nat. Genet. 25 (4): 440–3. doi:10.1038/78140. PMID   10932191. S2CID   9028853.
  3. 1 2 Rogers, D. C.; Fisher, E. M. C.; Brown, S. D. M.; Peters, J.; Hunter, A. J.; Martin, J. E. (1997). "Behavioral and functional analysis of mouse phenotype: SHIRPA, a proposed protocol for comprehensive phenotype assessment". Mammalian Genome. 8 (10): 711–713. doi:10.1007/s003359900551. PMID   9321461. S2CID   29864514.
  4. ↑ Rogers DC, Peters J, Martin JE, et al. (June 2001). "SHIRPA, a protocol for behavioral assessment: validation for longitudinal study of neurological dysfunction in mice". Neurosci. Lett. 306 (1–2): 89–92. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(01)01885-7. PMID   11403965. S2CID   44756347.
  5. ↑ Lalonde R, Strazielle C (May 2021). "SHIRPA as a neurological screening battery in mice". Current Protocols. 1 (5): 482–488. doi:10.1002/cpz1.135. PMID   34000103. S2CID   234770535.
  6. ↑ Rafael JA, Nitta Y, Peters J, Davies KE (September 2000). "Testing of SHIRPA, a mouse phenotypic assessment protocol, on Dmd(mdx) and Dmd(mdx3cv) dystrophin-deficient mice". Mamm. Genome. 11 (9): 725–8. doi:10.1007/s003350010149. PMID   10967129. S2CID   12996210.
  7. ↑ Lalonde R, Eyer J, Wunderle V, Strazielle C (May 2003). "Characterization of NFH-LacZ transgenic mice with the SHIRPA primary screening battery and tests of motor coordination, exploratory activity, and spatial learning". Behav Proc. 63 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(03)00013-5. PMID   12763264. S2CID   2508969.
  8. ↑ Lalonde R, Dumont M, Staufenbiel M, Strazielle C (February 2005). "Neurobehavioral characterization of APP23 transgenic mice with the SHIRPA primary screen". Behav. Brain Res. 157 (1): 91–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.06.020. PMID   15617775. S2CID   35239762.
  9. ↑ Jacquelin C, Strazielle C, Lalonde R (September 2011). "Neurologic function during developmental and adult stages in Dab1(scm) (scrambler) mutant mice". Behav. Brain Res. 226 (1): 265–273. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.020. PMID   21945093. S2CID   140205214.
  10. ↑ Masuya H, Inoue M, Wada Y, et al. (November 2005). "Implementation of the modified-SHIRPA protocol for screening of dominant phenotypes in a large-scale ENU mutagenesis program". Mamm. Genome. 16 (11): 829–37. doi:10.1007/s00335-005-2430-8. PMID   16284798. S2CID   35870158.
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