SPK-3006

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SPK-3006 is an experimental gene therapy developed for Pompe disease by Spark Therapeutics. It is delivered via adeno-associated virus and is intended to increase alpha-glucosidase production in the liver. [1] [2]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exon</span> A region of a transcribed gene present in the final functional mRNA molecule

An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. The term exon refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and to the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are covalently joined to one another as part of generating the mature RNA. Just as the entire set of genes for a species constitutes the genome, the entire set of exons constitutes the exome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gene therapy</span> Medical field

Gene therapy is a medical technology that aims to produce a therapeutic effect through the manipulation of gene expression or through altering the biological properties of living cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interferon</span> Signaling proteins released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens

Interferons are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oncogene</span> Gene that has the potential to cause cancer

An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, these genes are often mutated, or expressed at high levels.

Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance whose primary feature is dwarfism. In those with the condition, the arms and legs are short, while the torso is typically of normal length. Those affected have an average adult height of 131 centimetres for males and 123 centimetres (4 ft) for females. Other features can include an enlarged head and prominent forehead. Complications can include sleep apnea or recurrent ear infections. Achondroplasia includes the extremely rare short-limb skeletal dysplasia with severe combined immunodeficiency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Severe combined immunodeficiency</span> Genetic disorder leading to severe impairment of the immune system

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), also known as Swiss-type agammaglobulinemia, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the disturbed development of functional T cells and B cells caused by numerous genetic mutations that result in differing clinical presentations. SCID involves defective antibody response due to either direct involvement with B lymphocytes or through improper B lymphocyte activation due to non-functional T-helper cells. Consequently, both "arms" of the adaptive immune system are impaired due to a defect in one of several possible genes. SCID is the most severe form of primary immunodeficiencies, and there are now at least nine different known genes in which mutations lead to a form of SCID. It is also known as the bubble boy disease and bubble baby disease because its victims are extremely vulnerable to infectious diseases and some of them, such as David Vetter, have become famous for living in a sterile environment. SCID is the result of an immune system so highly compromised that it is considered almost absent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Retinitis pigmentosa</span> Gradual retinal degeneration leading to progressive sight loss

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic disorder of the eyes that causes loss of vision. Symptoms include trouble seeing at night and decreasing peripheral vision. As peripheral vision worsens, people may experience "tunnel vision". Complete blindness is uncommon. Onset of symptoms is generally gradual and often begins in childhood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Small interfering RNA</span> Biomolecule

Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA at first non-coding RNA molecules, typically 20–24 base pairs in length, similar to miRNA, and operating within the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. It interferes with the expression of specific genes with complementary nucleotide sequences by degrading mRNA after transcription, preventing translation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human genetic enhancement</span> Human enhancement by means of a genetic modification

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</span> Type of muscular dystrophy

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thymidine kinase</span> Enzyme found in most living cells

Thymidine kinase is an enzyme, a phosphotransferase : 2'-deoxythymidine kinase, ATP-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21. It can be found in most living cells. It is present in two forms in mammalian cells, TK1 and TK2. Certain viruses also have genetic information for expression of viral thymidine kinases. Thymidine kinase catalyzes the reaction:

Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are small viruses that infect humans and some other primate species. They belong to the genus Dependoparvovirus, which in turn belongs to the family Parvoviridae. They are small replication-defective, nonenveloped viruses and have linear single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome of approximately 4.8 kilobases (kb).

α-Galactosidase Enzyme

α-Galactosidase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that catalyses the following reaction:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Choroideremia</span> Medical condition

Choroideremia is a rare, X-linked recessive form of hereditary retinal degeneration that affects roughly 1 in 50,000 males. The disease causes a gradual loss of vision, starting with childhood night blindness, followed by peripheral vision loss and progressing to loss of central vision later in life. Progression continues throughout the individual's life, but both the rate of change and the degree of visual loss are variable among those affected, even within the same family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KRAS</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

KRAS is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein called K-Ras, a part of the RAS/MAPK pathway. The protein relays signals from outside the cell to the cell's nucleus. These signals instruct the cell to grow and divide (proliferate) or to mature and take on specialized functions (differentiate). It is called KRAS because it was first identified as a viral oncogene in the KirstenRAt Sarcoma virus. The oncogene identified was derived from a cellular genome, so KRAS, when found in a cellular genome, is called a proto-oncogene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Y box binding protein 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Y box binding protein 1 also known as Y-box transcription factor or nuclease-sensitive element-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YBX1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Otoferlin</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Otoferlin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OTOF gene. It is involved in vesicle membrane fusion, and mutations in the OTOF gene are associated with a genetic form of deafness.

Gene therapy for color blindness is an experimental gene therapy of the human retina aiming to grant typical trichromatic color vision to individuals with congenital color blindness by introducing typical alleles for opsin genes. Animal testing for gene therapy began in 2007 with a 2009 breakthrough in squirrel monkeys suggesting an imminent gene therapy in humans. While the research into gene therapy for red-green colorblindness has lagged since then, successful human trials are ongoing for achromatopsia. Congenital color vision deficiency affects upwards of 200 million people in the world, which represents a large demand for this gene therapy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nelotanserin</span> Chemical compound

Nelotanserin is a drug developed by Arena Pharmaceuticals which acts as an inverse agonist on the serotonin receptor subtype 5-HT2A and was under development for the treatment of insomnia. It was shown to be effective and well tolerated in clinical trials, but development was halted in December 2008 because the substance did not meet the trial's effectiveness endpoints. Research continues on newer analogues which may potentially be more successful.

Gene therapy for osteoarthritis is the application of gene therapy to treat osteoarthritis (OA). Unlike pharmacological treatments which are administered locally or systemically as a series of interventions, gene therapy aims to establish sustained therapeutic effect after a single, local injection.

References

  1. Costa-Verdera, Helena; Collaud, Fanny; Riling, Christopher R.; Sellier, Pauline; Nordin, Jayme M. L.; Preston, G. Michael; Cagin, Umut; Fabregue, Julien; Barral, Simon; Moya-Nilges, Maryse; Krijnse-Locker, Jacomina; van Wittenberghe, Laetitia; Daniele, Natalie; Gjata, Bernard; Cosette, Jeremie; Abad, Catalina; Simon-Sola, Marcelo; Charles, Severine; Li, Mathew; Crosariol, Marco; Antrilli, Tom; Quinn, William J.; Gross, David A.; Boyer, Olivier; Anguela, Xavier M.; Armour, Sean M.; Colella, Pasqualina; Ronzitti, Giuseppe; Mingozzi, Federico (4 November 2021). "Hepatic expression of GAA results in enhanced enzyme bioavailability in mice and non-human primates". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6393. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26744-4 . ISSN   2041-1723.
  2. Philippidis, Alex (1 March 2023). "Magenta Halts Development, Pursues Strategic Alternatives After Patient Death". Human Gene Therapy. 34 (5–6): 177–179. doi:10.1089/hum.2023.29236.bfs.