Sanjay Kalra

Last updated

Sanjay Kalra
Born (1970-04-18) 18 April 1970 (age 55)
Ibadan, Nigeria
OccupationEndocrinologist
Known for Endocrinology
SpouseBharti Kalra
ChildrenArnav Kalra, Kriti Kalra
Parent(s)Hans Raj Kalra, Sudesh Kalra
AwardsDAWN Award
Website web site

Sanjay Kalra (born 18 April 1970) is an Indian endocrinologist working at Bharti Hospital in Karnal, Haryana. Kalra is a former president of the Endocrine Society of India, [1] the South Asian Federation of Endocrine Societies, and the Indian Professional Association for Transgender Health. He has also served on the executive council of the Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India.

Contents

Kalra has more than 1,000 PubMed-indexed articles to his credit, [2] and has contributed to strengthening bilateral and multilateral collaborations between various African and Asian countries in the field of endocrinology. He has developed several terms and concepts, including glucokathexis, lipokathexis, glucocrinology, ipocrinology, [3] glycaemic hygiene, endocrine hygiene, and ergonomic endocrinology.

He also invented the GlucoCoper tool [4] to assess psychological coping mechanisms in people with diabetes. [5] In addition, he has published work on the concepts of diabetes fatigue syndrome, euthymia in diabetes, [6] quaternary prevention in endocrinology, [7] and quinary prevention. [8]

Education

Kalra graduated from Christian Medical College, Ludhiana. He completed his postgraduation (MD) in Medicine at Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, and his fellowship (DM) in Endocrinology and Metabolism at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.

Professional contribution

Kalra established Bharti Hospital in Karnal, which offers clinical care, research, training, and education in endocrinology. As executive editor (2011–15), he played a role in strengthening the Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism (IJEM), [9] which became recognised as India's second-highest-ranked scientific journal according to Google Metrics. He also serves as executive editor of Thyroid Research and Practice and associate editor of Diabetic Medicine (UK). In addition, he is an international advisory board member for several journals, including US Endocrinology, the Sri Lankan Journal of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (SLJDEM), the Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, and the Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology Association of Nepal (JDEAN).

As a founder member and past president, Kalra has contributed to the establishment and growth of the South Asian Federation of Endocrine Societies (SAFES). [10] His contributions have been recognised in neighbouring countries, and he has been awarded Fellowship and Life Membership of the Sri Lanka College of Endocrinologists (SLCE), as well as life membership of the Pakistan Endocrine Society (PES).

Contribution to science and evidence base of insulin therapy

As of January 2024, Kalra has more than 23,000 citations of his publications, with an h-index of 68 and an i10-index of 439. His primary area of focus has been insulin therapy.[ citation needed ]

Basal

Kalra has remained updated with advancements in insulin therapy and has authored several articles on the evolution of basal insulins and their patient-centred use in various clinical settings. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]

He has also written on the use of basal insulin in special populations such as paediatric groups and pregnant women. [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28]

His research also includes strategies for intensifying basal insulin therapy and optimising injection techniques. [29] [30] [31]

In addition to work on type 2 diabetes, Kalra has written extensively on insulin use in type 1 diabetes. [32] [33] [34]

Premixed

Appropriate patient selection is an essential component of successful premixed insulin therapy. Kalra was the lead author of a comprehensive review developed with collaborators from more than 25 countries. [35]

He has also published extensively on the use of premixed insulin during Ramadan and on its role in special situations, from initiation to intensification. [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]

He has also published updates on premixed insulins, including real-world evidence regarding newer co-formulations. [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50]

Motivation, technique, and counselling

Kalra has led several original studies examining insulin usage practices in South Asia. [51] [52] [53] [54] [55]

Kalra has also led multiple manuscripts providing regional best practices and recommendations related to insulin delivery devices, injection techniques, monitoring, and complication management. [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61]

He was also the lead author of expert recommendations for the use of insulin in India, published in 2017. [62]

Novel concepts

Kalra has introduced several novel and easily understandable concepts related to insulin therapy, including insulin hesitancy, insulin stewardship, patient-friendly intensification, insulin-related emotions, social marketing, insulin flexibility, insulin misperceptions, insulin taxonomy, insulin objectivity, insulin triage, and "smarter" insulin therapy. [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74]

These concepts aim to build confidence in patients initiating insulin therapy and support general practitioners in clinical decision-making. [75]

Person-centred approach

Person-centred clinical management is widely recognised as an effective and sustainable model for chronic disease care. [76] [77]

Kalra has extensively applied person-centred principles to insulin initiation and intensification. [78] [79]

He has also examined barriers to insulin use, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and suggested frameworks ("bridges") to address these challenges. [80] [81] [82] [83]

Kalra has been lead author for several multinational panels and evidence-based recommendations on individualising time-in-range goals, [84] [85] [86] [87] and on administration techniques, including work published in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. [88] [89]

Contribution to obesity science

Epidemiology

Kalra has been the lead or senior author of several epidemiological studies in the field of obesity. [90] [91] In addition to using national datasets, he has served as a regional lead investigator for Haryana in the ICMR-funded INDIAB Study. Multiple papers from this cohort have been published, including national obesity prevalence data in The Lancet and several other studies. [92] [93]

He has also contributed to studies assessing the prevalence of obesity-related comorbidities, including steatotic liver disease. [94] Kalra is the senior author of a major analysis from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey, reporting the prevalence of childhood obesity in India. [95]

From the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, he has also led work reporting the first national estimates of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults. [96]

Simplified clinical approach

Kalra has developed several clinically applicable concepts that simplify obesity management, including bariatric triage, gut guardianship, medical gastronomy, and obesity-friendly language. [97] [98] [99] [100] [101]

He has addressed the pathogenesis, comorbidities, and complications of obesity in multiple review papers, including a recent review on MASLD in Endocrine Clinics of North America. [102] [103] [104] [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] [110] [111] [112] [113]

Several papers led by Kalra serve as practical guides for clinicians new to obesity management, outlining stepwise protocols for setting up obesity clinics and evaluating and managing obesity. [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119]

Lifestyle and drug management

Kalra has consistently emphasised the importance of lifestyle interventions in obesity management. He has highlighted the use of traditional and indigenous activities to improve physical function in people living with obesity. [120] [121] [122]

He has also worked extensively on nutrition education and research. [123] Kalra has advocated for the recognition of "mega-nutrients" such as fibre and water, which are consumed in significantly larger quantities than macronutrients. [124] [125] [126] He is also a co-author of the national consensus statement on fibre intake in India. [127]

Person-centred obesity care is another major focus of his work. [128] His publications emphasise that obesity management requires individualised strategies rather than a uniform approach. [129] [130] [131]

Kalra has remained closely engaged with developments in GLP-1 receptor agonists and has published periodic updates as new evidence has emerged. [132] [133] [134] [135] [136]

Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity

In a recently published scoping review led by Kalra, the current evidence linking sarcopenic obesity with cardiovascular disease has been summarised, along with proposed preventive and therapeutic strategies. [137]

He has published extensively to enable the diagnosis of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in resource-constrained settings and has led the development of a South Asian consensus document on the subject. [138] [139]

Advocacy and guidelines

Kalra has been the lead or senior author of several national and regional guidelines on obesity and nutrition. [140] [141] [142] [143] [144]

He has published several papers highlighting the need for advocacy to address the obesity epidemic in India, including issues of gender disparity. [145] [146] [147] He has also advocated strategies to prevent obesity in the Indian population. [148]

Advocacy efforts beyond India include publications highlighting regional challenges and the need for greater collaboration among South Asian countries. [149] He is also a co-author of expert recommendations on the pre-operative and post-operative medical management of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. [150]

Innovation and novel ideas

Kalra coined the term "barocrinology" to describe the endocrine science of obesity. [151] [152] He has since proposed numerous concepts related to "baro-health" and serves as a section editor in the barocrinology division of a major South Asian PubMed-indexed journal.

His contributions include the Barocene Era, barometric nervosa, bariatric pyramid, baromania, baro-bullying, lipokathexis, the Ominous Octet of Obesity, and viewing obesity as a communicable disease—concepts intended to provide simplified frameworks for understanding complex obesity science. [153] [154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159]

He has also developed simple, implementable behavioural therapy models for obesity care. [160] [161]

Kalra frequently draws analogies between obesity management and concepts from quantum physics, traditional customs, and religious texts. Several of these ideas have been widely cited and discussed. [162] [163] [164]

Research and publications

Kalra has emphasised the importance of person-centred care for over a decade through his reviews, research, and communications in various national and international journals. One of his earlier citations on this topic dates back to a paper he led in 2013, in which he described the role of a person-centred approach during insulin initiation and intensification—one of the most challenging aspects of diabetes management.79 Although a substantial body of his work has focused on diabetes,77,79 [165] he has also applied the principles of person-centred care to other chronic metabolic disorders, including obesity, hypogonadism, and hypothyroidism.78 [166] [167]

Kalra has written on menopause distress and late-onset male hypogonadism, simplifying their definitions and describing person-centric thresholds, targets, tools, and techniques for management.167,168 He is also the lead author of a paper titled Thyroid Tantrums in Teenagers, which highlights the variability in endocrine presentations during adolescence and addresses management, assessment, testing techniques, associated biomedical illness, and training. [168] His work extends across all age groups; for instance, he has published geriatric goalposts on independence and interdependence, emphasising the importance of person-centric care in older adults. [169]

Key principles of person-centred care highlighted in Kalra's publications include effective communication with patients.65,102 [170] Other core principles include ensuring that therapy is affordable and that the management plan is feasible for the patient. [171] [172] His publications also highlight the importance of patient happiness, [173] [174] as well as the well-being of the treating physician. [175] Strengthening family support, advancing social acceptance, and addressing patient emotions are other elements he considers essential to delivering person-centred care.69 [176] [177] He has also highlighted the value of indigenous methods for lifestyle modification and personal hygiene in improving person-centred care.123,166 [178]

Kalra has proposed several frameworks to help clinicians integrate the above principles into routine practice.129,161,162 [179] [180] These frameworks have been widely cited. In collaboration with researchers in Morocco, he published the SURE framework outlining the “glycaemic personality” of patients, enabling more tailored therapeutic choices. In another publication, he described the Motivation–Opportunity–Capability (MOC) model for obesity care, underscoring the importance of understanding patient behaviour and aligning therapeutic approaches with their opportunities and capabilities.

Kalra’s contribution to original research includes participation in multicentric international collaborative studies that have advanced understanding of person-centred management. [181] [182] [183]

In the three-year, pan-India longitudinal study on diabetes outcomes (the LANDMARC trial), data are being collected on trends in diabetic complications, physician treatment strategies, and correlations between treatment, control, and complications in the Indian setting. The findings are expected to help identify disease burden, early-onset complications, dose-titration patterns, and inform person-centred care approaches, thereby guiding resource allocation by public health agencies.182

Another major multicentric international collaborative study, the DAWN (Diabetes Attitudes Wishes and Needs) project, demonstrated how cross-national benchmarking using psychometrically validated indicators can help identify gaps and best practices, enabling changes to improve outcomes for people living with diabetes.183,184

References

  1. ↑ "President Message". Endocrine Society of India. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  2. ↑ "sanjaykalra - Search Results". PubMed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  3. ↑ Kalra S, Priya G. Lipocrinology – the relationship between lipids and endocrine function. Drugs Context. 2018;7:212514.
  4. ↑ Kalra S, Balhara YPS, Verma K, Kalra B. The GlucoCoper – a tool for the assessment of coping mechanisms. Eur Endocrinol. 2018 Apr;14(1):52–5.
  5. ↑ Dr. Sanjay Kalra – ISBMR. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  6. ↑ Kalra S, Balhara YPS, Bathla M. Euthymia in diabetes. Eur Endocrinol. 2018;14(2):18–9.
  7. ↑ Kalra S, Gupta Y, Kalra B. Quaternary prevention and gestational diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017;21(1):1–3.
  8. ↑ "JPMA - Journal of Pakistan Medical Association". www.jpma.org.pk. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  9. ↑ "Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism: About us". www.ijem.in. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  10. ↑ Kalra S, Sahay RK, Bajaj S. South Asian Federation of Endocrine Societies: a beginning well begun. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(6):955–6.
  11. ↑ Kalra S, Abodo J, Sobngwi E, Sani Ma M, Villaroel D, Kapoor N, et al. A hundred years on: The role of human insulin. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022;72(12):2563-4.
  12. ↑ Kalra S. Insulin degludec: a significant advancement in ultralong-acting Basal insulin. Diabetes Ther. 2013;4(2):167-73.
  13. ↑ Kalra S. Basal insulin analogues in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: what progress have we made? Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19(Suppl 1):S71-3.
  14. ↑ Kalra S. Newer basal insulin analogues: degludec, detemir, glargine. J Pak Med Assoc. 2013;63(11):1442-4.
  15. ↑ Kalra S. Comment on "Treatment persistence after initiating basal insulin in type 2 diabetes patients: a primary care database analysis": By Pscherer S et al. published in Prim. Care Diabetes 2015;9(5):377–84. Prim Care Diabetes. 2016;10(4):309–10.
  16. ↑ Kalra S, Baruah MP, Niazi AK. Degludec: a novel basal insulin. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2012;6(1):18–23.
  17. ↑ Home P, Blonde L, Kalra S, Ji L, Guyot P, Brulle-Wohlhueter C, et al. Insulin glargine/lixisenatide fixed-ratio combination (iGlarLixi) compared with premix or addition of meal-time insulin to basal insulin in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(11):2179–88.
  18. ↑ Kalra S. High concentration insulin. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;22(1):160–3.
  19. ↑ Kalra S. Auxiliendo, primum non nocere: a preliminary view of the DEVOTE Trial comparing cardiovascular safety of insulin degludec versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2017;8(2):213–7.
  20. ↑ Ramachandran A, Gupta V, Kesavadev J, Kalra S. Understanding the safety of the new ultra long acting basal insulin. J Assoc Physicians India. 2014;62(1 Suppl):35–42.
  21. ↑ Kalra S. Insulin degludecaspart: the first co-formulation of insulin analogues. Diabetes Ther. 2014;5(1):65–72.
  22. ↑ Kalra S, Gupta Y. Clinical use of insulin degludec: practical experience and pragmatic suggestions. N Am J Med Sci. 2015;7(3):81–5.
  23. ↑ Ghosh S, KalraS, Bantwal G, Sahay RK. Use of second-generation basal insulin Gla-300 in special populations: a narrative mini-review. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2023;19(9):e090123212447.
  24. ↑ Dhingra M, Priya G, Dhingra A, Kalra S. Subcutaneous insulin administration in infants and toddlers. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018;68(12):1840–2.
  25. ↑ Kalra S, Hirsch LJ, Frid A, Deeb A, Strauss KW. Pediatric insulin injection technique: a multi-country survey and clinical practice implications. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(6):2291–2302.
  26. ↑ Kalra S, Unnikrishnan AG, Sahay R. Pediatric diabetes: Potential for insulin degludec. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18(Suppl 1):S6–8.
  27. ↑ Kalra S, Deeb AA, Dhingra M, Strauss K. Paediatric insulin injection technique: the softer side. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018;68(8):1270–2.
  28. ↑ Kalra S, Jawad F. Insulin therapy in pregnancy. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016;66(9 Suppl 1):S48–51.
  29. ↑ Kalra S. Patient friendly intensification of basal insulin. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6(Suppl 1):S72.
  30. ↑ Priya G, Kalra S, Bahendeka S, Jawad F, Aye TT, Shahjada S, et al. Initiation of basal bolus insulin therapy. J Pak Med Assoc. 2020;70(8):1462–7.
  31. ↑ Kalra S, Gupta Y. Basal insulin inadequacy versus failure – Using appropriate terminology. Eur Endocrinol. 2015;11(2):79–80.
  32. ↑ Kalra S, Bajaj S, Sharma SK, Priya G, Baruah MP, Sanyal D, et al. A practitioner's toolkit for insulin motivation in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: evidence-based recommendations from an International Expert Panel. Diabetes Ther. 2020;11(3):585–606.
  33. ↑ Priya G, Kalra S. A review of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes: is there a place for adjunctive metformin? Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(1):349–61.
  34. ↑ Arora S, Agrawal NK, Shanthaiah DM, Verma A, Singh S, Patne SCU, et al. Early detection of cutaneous complications of insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15(5):859–64.
  35. ↑ Kalra S, Czupryniak L, Kilov G, Lamptey R, Kumar A, Unnikrishnan AG, et al. Expert Opinion: Patient selection for premixed insulin formulations in diabetes care. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(6):2185–99.
  36. ↑ Kalra S, Jawad F, Latif ZA, Pathan MF. Risk stratification of persons on premixed insulin in Ramadan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2017;67(11):1771–4.
  37. ↑ El Naggar N, Kalra S. Switching from biphasic human insulin to premix insulin analogs: a review of the evidence regarding quality of life and adherence to medication in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adv Ther. 2017;33(12):2091–109.
  38. ↑ Mohan V, Kalra S, Kesavadev J, Singh AK, Kumar A, Unnikrishnan AG, et al. Consensus on initiation and intensification of premix insulin in type 2 diabetes management. J Assoc Physicians India. 2017;65(4):59–73.
  39. ↑ Shaikh S, Latheef A, Razi SM, Khan SA, Sahay R, Kalra S. Diabetes Management During Ramadan. 2022 May 18. In: Feingold KR et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. MDText.com, Inc.
  40. ↑ Kalra S. Insulin degludec and insulin degludec/insulin aspart in Ramadan: a single center experience. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;20(4):564–7.
  41. ↑ Pathan MF, Sahay RK, Zargar AH, Raza SA, Khan AK, Ganie MA, et al. South Asian Consensus Guideline: Use of insulin in diabetes during Ramadan. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(4):499–502.
  42. ↑ Kalra S, Jawad F. Insulin in Ramadan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015;65(5 Suppl 1):S44–6.
  43. ↑ Pathan F, Latif ZA, Sahay RK, Zargar AH, Raza SA, Khan AK, et al. Update to South Asian consensus guideline: Use of newer insulins in diabetes during Ramadan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016;66(6):777–8.
  44. ↑ Kalra S. Recent advances in premixed insulin. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014;64(2):220–3.
  45. ↑ Kalra S, Atkin S, Cervera A, Das AK, Demir O, Demir T, et al. Correction to: Multinational consensus: insulin initiation with insulin degludec/aspart (IDegAsp). Adv Ther. 2018;35(7):937–8.
  46. ↑ Kalra S, Atkin S, Cervera A, Das AK, Demir O, Demir T, et al. Multinational Consensus: Insulin Initiation with Insulin Degludec/Aspart (IDegAsp). Adv Ther. 2018;35(7):928–36.
  47. ↑ Kalra S, Baruah MP. Insulin degludecaspart: one-year real world experience. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;20(3):369–71.
  48. ↑ Das AK, Kalra S, Akhtar S, Shetty R, Kumar A. Clinical experience of switching from biphasic human insulin to biphasic insulin aspart 30 in Indian patients with type 2 diabetes in the A1chieve study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19(1):110–5.
  49. ↑ Kalra S, Garg L, Suri S, Aggarwal S. Clinical experience with insulin detemir, biphasic insulin aspart and insulin aspart in people with type 2 diabetes: Results from the Haryana cohort of the A1chieve study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(Suppl 2):S538–41.
  50. ↑ Unnikrishnan AG, Kalra S, Baruah M. The other insulin story of 1921. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011;15(3):147–8.
  51. ↑ Baruah MP, Bhuyan SB, Kalra S, Tiwaskar MH. Diabetes in India's North East Study: Prevailing insulin usage and insulin injection practices amongst type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. J Assoc Physicians India. 2023;71(8):11–2.
  52. ↑ Sharma SK, Kant R, Kalra S, Bishnoi R. Prevalence of primary non-adherence with insulin and barriers to insulin initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus – an exploratory study in a tertiary care teaching public hospital. Eur Endocrinol. 2020;16(2):143–7.
  53. ↑ Mohan V, Ahn KJ, Cho YM, Sahay RK, Huang CN, Kalra S, et al. Lilly Insulin Glargine Versus Lantus in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: India and East Asia Subpopulation Analyses of the ELEMENT 5 Study. Clin Drug Investig. 2019;39(8):745–56.
  54. ↑ Kalra S, Thai HQ, Deerochanawong C, Su-Yen G, Mohamed M, Latt TS, et al. Choice of Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes: A Southeast Asian Perspective. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017;21(3):478–81.
  55. ↑ Baruah MP, Kalra S, Bose S, Deka J. An audit of insulin usage and insulin injection practices in a large Indian cohort. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017;21(3):443–52.
  56. ↑ Kalra S, Pathan F, Kshanti IAM, Bay NQ, Nagase T, Oliveria T, et al. Optimising insulin injection techniques to improve diabetes outcomes. Diabetes Ther. 2023;14(11):1785–99.
  57. ↑ Mbanya JC, Lamptey R, Uloko AE, Ankotche A, Moleele G, Mohamed GA, et al. African cuisine-centred insulin therapy: expert opinion on the management of hyperglycaemia in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Ther. 2021;12(1):37–54.
  58. ↑ Kalra S, Balhara YP, Baruah MP, Chadha M, Chandalia HB, Chowdhury S, et al. Forum for injection techniques, India: the first Indian recommendations for best practice in insulin injection technique. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(6):876–85.
  59. ↑ Kalra S, Chandalia HB, Chawla M, Munshi N, Poojary A, Varaiya A, et al. Forum for Injection Technique 2.0 Addendum 1: Insulin use in indoor settings. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;20(6):863–5.
  60. ↑ Tandon N, Kalra S, Balhara YP, Baruah MP, Chadha M, Chandalia HB, et al. Forum for Injection Technique (FIT), India: The Indian recommendations 2.0, for best practice in Insulin Injection Technique, 2015. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19(3):317–31.
  61. ↑ Kalra S, Moses CR, Seshiah V, Sahay BK, Kumar A, Asirvatham AJ, et al. Physicians' perceptions of a national consensus guideline on insulin therapy: Data from the IMPACT study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(Suppl 2):S426–7.
  62. ↑ Tandon N, Kalra S, Balhara YPS, Baruah MP, Chadha M, Chandalia HB, et al. Forum for Injection Technique and Therapy Expert Recommendations, India: The Indian Recommendations for Best Practice in Insulin Injection Technique, 2017. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017;21(4):600–17.
  63. ↑ Kalra S, Gupta Y. Insulin initiation: the triage system. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014;64(12):1428–30.
  64. ↑ Kalra S, Joshi A, Parmar G. Insulin therapy: going the "smarter" way. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2014;8(2):79–84.
  65. ↑ Kalra S, Kalra B, Bhattacharya S. Insulin hesitancy: a language-based model. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(1):193–4.
  66. ↑ Kalra S, Sahay R, Tiwaskar M. Need for Insulin Stewardship Programmes. J Assoc Physicians India. 2018;66(7):83–4.
  67. ↑ Lathia T, Punyani H, Kalra S. Insulin stewardship for inpatient hyperglycaemia. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71(1(B)):379–82.
  68. ↑ Kalra S, Verma K. Handling insulin-related emotions. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(4):1415–9.
  69. ↑ Kalra S, Arora V, Verma M, Aggarwal S. Social insulin resistance: the forgotten frontier. J Pak Med Assoc. 2020;70(10):1860–1.
  70. ↑ Kalra S, Gupta Y, Unnikrishnan AG. Flexibility in insulin prescription. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;20(3):408–11.
  71. ↑ Kalra S, Gupta Y. Addressing Insulin Misperceptions (AIM) – Part 2. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016;66(2):229–31.
  72. ↑ Kalra S, Gupta Y. Addressing Insulin Misperceptions (AIM) – Part 1. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016;66(1):115–7.
  73. ↑ Kalra S, Gupta Y. Number-based approach to insulin taxonomy. Diabetes Ther. 2015;6(4):469–79.
  74. ↑ Kalra S, Gupta Y. Insulin initiation: bringing objectivity to choice. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2015;14:17.
  75. ↑ Kalra S, Deb P, Gangopadhyay KK, Gupta S, Ahluwalia A. Capacity and confidence building for general practitioners on optimum insulin use. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(10):3096–107.
  76. ↑ Kalra S, Baruah M, Agrawal N. Human centered diabetes care. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022;72(11):2335–6.
  77. ↑ Kalra S, Kapoor N, Kota S, Das S. Person-centred obesity care – Techniques, thresholds, tools and targets. Eur Endocrinol. 2020;16(1):11–3.
  78. ↑ Kalra S. A person-centred approach to insulin initiation and intensification. J Indian Med Assoc. 2013;111(11):743–5, 750.
  79. ↑ Kalra S, Gupta Y. A patient centred approach to basal insulin choice for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016;66(3):360–1.
  80. ↑ Zargar AH, Kalra S, K MP, Murthy S, Negalur V, Rajput R, et al. Rising cost of insulin: A deterrent to compliance in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022;16(8):102528.
  81. ↑ Kalra S. Patient barriers to insulin: the InfoCRIne order. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018;68(3):494–6.
  82. ↑ Kalra S, Ghosal S, Shah P. Consensus on bridges for barriers to insulin therapy. J Assoc Physicians India. 2017;65(3 Suppl):23–30.
  83. ↑ Kalra S, Ghosal S. Barriers and bridges to insulin therapy: bio psychosocial classification. J Pak Med Assoc. 2017;67(2):320–1.
  84. ↑ Podgorski G, AbuHelaiqa WI, Tan R, Latheef A, Govender S, Assaad-Khalil SH, et al. Individualizing time-in-range goals in management of diabetes mellitus and role of insulin: clinical insights from a multinational panel. Diabetes Ther. 2021;12(2):465–85.
  85. ↑ Mohan V, Das AK, Unnikrishnan AG, Shah SN, Kumar A, Zargar AH, et al. IMPACT India: Insights for insulin therapy in routine clinical practice. J Assoc Physicians India. 2019;67(4):34–8.
  86. ↑ Bahendeka S, Kaushik R, Swai AB, Otieno F, Bajaj S, Kalra S, et al. EADSG Guidelines: Insulin storage and optimisation of injection technique in diabetes Management. Diabetes Ther. 2019;10(2):341–66.
  87. ↑ Silver B, Ramaiya K, Andrew SB, Fredrick O, Bajaj S, Kalra S, et al. EADSG Guidelines: Insulin therapy in diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(2):449–92.
  88. ↑ Kalra S, Aggarwal S. Person-friendly insulin delivery devices. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71(3):1041–2.
  89. ↑ Frid AH, Kreugel G, Grassi G, Halimi S, Hicks D, Hirsch LJ, et al. New insulin delivery recommendations. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(9):1231–55.
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  99. ↑ Kalra S, Jacob J, Kapoor N. Bariatric triage: weight loss as a tool for therapeutic decision making. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(6):1338–9.
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  102. ↑ Bansal M, Sarat Chandra K, Nair T, Iyengar SS, Gupta R, Manchanda SC, et al. Consensus statement on the management of dyslipidaemia in Indian subjects: Our perspective. Indian Heart J. 2016;68(2):238–41.
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  104. ↑ Kalra S, Raizada N. Dyslipidemia in diabetes. Indian Heart J. 2023.
  105. ↑ Kapoor N, Kalra S. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and diabetes: a double whammy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2023;52(3):469–84.
  106. ↑ Suka Aryana IGP, Paulus IB, Kalra S, Daniella D, Kuswardhani RAT, Suastika K, et al. The important role of intermuscular adipose tissue on metabolic changes interconnecting obesity, ageing and exercise: a systematic review. touchREVEndocrinol. 2023;19(1):54–9.
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  108. ↑ Kalra S, Jacob J, Arora S, Kapoor N. The etiopathogenesis and management of obesity: the quintessential quincunx. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(5):1134–6.
  109. ↑ Kalra S, Arora S, Kapoor N. The insulin: glucagon ratio and obesity. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(3):709–10.
  110. ↑ Thomas V, Rallapalli S, Kapoor N, Kalra S. Weight gain and thyroid in women: the coexisting confounders. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022;72(9):1871–3.
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  113. ↑ Kalra S, Arora S, Kapoor N. The Ominous Octet of Obesity: A framework for obesity pathophysiology. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71(10):2475–6.
  114. ↑ Kapoor N, Arora S, Kalra S. Setting Up an Obesity Clinic – The SMART Approach. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(9):1916–8.
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  117. ↑ Kalra S, Jacob J, Kapoor N. Strategies for appetite suppression: A key player in the management of diabetes and obesity. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022;72(8):1665–6.
  118. ↑ Kalra S, Arora S, Kapoor N. Difficult-to-defeat obesity: An 8D approach. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71(9):2283–4.
  119. ↑ Kapoor N, Kalra S, Kota S, Das S, Jiwanmall S, Sahay R. The SECURE model: A comprehensive approach for obesity management. J Pak Med Assoc. 2020;70(8):1468–1469s.
  120. ↑ Kalra S, Mandlekar A, Kapoor N. Exercise therapy for the exercise naïve: the first step in obesity management. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71(12):2828–30.
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  122. ↑ Kalra S, Punyani H, Kapoor N. Indigenous ways of encouraging physical activity. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022;72(10):2115–6.
  123. ↑ Kalra S, Kapoor L, Kapoor N. The 3x3x3 diet for the management of diabetes and obesity in resource-constrained settings. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022;72(4):773–5.
  124. ↑ Gupta L, Khandelwal D, Kalra S. Increasing fibre in South Asian diets. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018;68(7):1135–6.
  125. ↑ Kalra S, Arora S, Kapoor N. Fibre and water, the mega-nutrients of metabolic health. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(5):707–8.
  126. ↑ Kalra S, Kalra S, Agrawal N, Kapoor N. Water and diabetes: prevention and cure. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(2):426–7.
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  129. ↑ Kalra S, Arora S, Kapoor N. Refractory and resistant obesity: dynamic concepts, contemporary definitions. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(1):195–8.
  130. ↑ Jaleel R, Kapoor N, Kalra S. Endoscopic intragastric balloon: A novel therapy for weight loss. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022;72(7):1444–6.
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  132. ↑ Kalra S, Jawad F. Twincretins: Emerging therapies for diabetes and obesity. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(1):2–3.
  133. ↑ Kalra S, Bhattacharya S, Kapoor N. Contemporary classification of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs). Diabetes Ther. 2021;12(8):2133–47.
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  135. ↑ Kalra S, Gupta Y. Endocrine and metabolic effects of GLP1RA. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016;66(3):357–9.
  136. ↑ Kalra S, Kapoor N. Oral semaglutide: dosage in special situations. Diabetes Ther. 2022;13(6):1133–7.
  137. ↑ Binu AJ, Kapoor N, Bhattacharya S, Kishor K, Kalra S. Sarcopenic obesity as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: an underrecognised clinical entity. Heart Int. 2023;17(2):6–11.
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  139. ↑ Dhar M, Kapoor N, Suastika K, Khamseh ME, Selim S, Kumar V, et al. South Asian Working Action Group on SARCOpenia (SWAG-SARCO) – A consensus document. Osteoporos Sarcopenia. 2022;8(2):35–57.
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  147. ↑ Kapoor N, Arora S, Kalra S. Gender disparities in people living with obesity – an uncharted territory. J Midlife Health. 2021;12(2):103–7.
  148. ↑ Unnikrishnan AG, Kalra S, Garg MK. Preventing obesity in India: weighing the options. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(1):4–6.
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  150. ↑ Bhattacharya S, Kalra S, Kapoor N, Singla R, Dutta D, Aggarwal S, et al. Expert opinion on the preoperative medical optimisation of adults with diabetes undergoing metabolic surgery. World J Diabetes. 2021;12(10):1587–621.
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  169. ↑ Dhar M, Pathania M, Khandelwal D, Kalra S. Geriatric goalposts: of independence and interdependence. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(8):1740-1.
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  171. ↑ Kalra S, Aamir AH, Raza A, Das AK, Azad Khan AK, Shrestha D, et al. Place of sulfonylureas in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Asia: a consensus statement. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19(5):577-96.
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  174. ↑ Kalra S, Punyani H, Dhawan M. Creating happiness in the diabetes care clinic. J Pak Med Assoc. 2020;70(6):1099-100.
  175. ↑ Kalra S, Verma SK, Kapoor N. Healer's high. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(10):2114-5
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  178. ↑ Kalra S, Verma M, Arora V. Glycaemic hygiene. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71(12):2823-5.
  179. ↑ Kalra S, Baruah MP, Sahay R. Salutogenesis in type 2 diabetes care: a biopsychosocial perspective. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;22(1):169-72.
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  181. ↑ Das AK, Mithal A, Kumar KMP, Unnikrishnan AG, Kalra S, Thacker H, et al. Rationale, study design and methodology of the LANDMARC trial: a 3-year, pan-India, prospective, longitudinal study to assess management and real-world outcomes of diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2020;37(5):885-92.
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