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The Tocantins River is a river in Brazil, the central fluvial artery of the country. In the Tupi language, its name means "toucan's beak". It runs from south to north for about 2,450 km. It is not really a branch of the Amazon River, since its waters flow into the Atlantic Ocean alongside those of the Amazon. It flows through four Brazilian states and gives its name to one of Brazil's newest states, formed in 1988 from what was until then the northern portion of Goiás.
Diplura is a genus of South American curtain web spiders that was first described by C. L. Koch in 1850. It is found in South America and Cuba belonging to the subfamily Diplurinae. They possess a lyra on their prolateral maxillae. Diplura species can be distinguished from Trechona sp. by the number of setae on this lyra. They differ from Harmonicon sp. by the leg formula and the shape of the lyra bristles.
Trichomycterus is a genus of fish in the family Trichomycteridae, the largest genus of its family with over 170 species currently described. This genus is native to freshwater habitats in Central and South America. These fish are generally small, usually about 5 to 15 cm (2–6 in) in standard length, although the largest, T. rivulatus, can reach more than twice this size. Species differ from one another primarily in body proportions, fin ray counts and colouration. Despite their relatively small size, some, such as T. punctulatus, support fisheries and are important in the local cuisine.
The Heptapteridae, or three-barbeled catfishes, are a family of catfish that originate from the Americas. Most species are restricted to South America, but Imparfinis lineatus, Nemuroglanis panamensis and Pimelodella chagresi are native to Panama, and Rhamdia species occur as far north as Mexico. The name Heptapteridae is derived from Greek, hepta meaning seven and pteron meaning fin.
Ituglanis is a genus of small freshwater fish in the family Trichomycteridae native to South America. Their greatest diversity seems to occur in the Amazon River basin. Most species inhabit leaf litter, with several species living in caves.
Pimelodella kronei is a species of three-barbeled catfish endemic to Brazil. Discovered by the German naturalist Sigismund Ernst Richard Krone, it was the first troglobitic fish described in Brazil, but several others have been described later.
Rhamdia is a genus of three-barbeled catfishes found in Mexico, Central and South America. These catfishes are nocturnal, opportunistic carnivores, found in a wide range of freshwater habitats. This genus includes a number of troglobitic members, encompassing a number of taxa, including R. enfurnada, R. guasarensis, R. laluchensis, R. laticauda, R. macuspanensis, R. quelen, R. reddelli and R. zongolicensis. In a few of these only some of their populations are troglobitic.
Giupponia is a monotypic genus of the harvestman family Gonyleptidae. The only described species, G. chagasi, was found in two limestone caves in Serra do Ramalho, Bahia State, Brazil.
Cavefish or cave fish is a generic term for fresh and brackish water fish adapted to life in caves and other underground habitats. Related terms are subterranean fish, troglomorphic fish, troglobitic fish, stygobitic fish, phreatic fish and hypogean fish.
Charinidae is an arachnid family within the order of tailless whip scorpions. The family contains three genera.
Piau is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.
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Toca da Barriguda (BA-0250) is a dolomite cave located in the municipality of Campo Formoso, in the State of Bahia. It measures 33,000 meters long and 61 meters deep, and is now considered a branch of the Toca da Boa Vista cave, being the second-longest in South America. The Coarazuphium formoso, a recently described a troglobite species of beetle found in the Barriguda cave.
Serra do Ramalho is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.
The Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve, or Mata Atlântica Biosphere Reserve is a biosphere reserve covering remnants of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, including fully protected and sustainable use conservation units and buffer zones. It is the largest such reserve in the world.
The Serra dos Martírios/Andorinhas State Park is a state park in the state of Pará, Brazil. It protects a mountainous region of forests in the transition between the Amazon rainforest and cerrado biomes, beside the Araguaia River. The park contains caves that hold ancient rock carvings and paintings. Some of the caves are endangered by tourists or by local people who camp in them while they perform the annual Festival of the Divine Holy Spirit.
Sarax is a genus of amblypygids of the family Charinidae.
References
- Bichuette, Maria Elina & Trajano, Eleonora (2005): A new cave species of Rhamdia (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from Serra do Ramalho, northeastern Brazil, with notes on ecology and behavior. Neotropical Ichthyology3(4): 587–595. PDF
- Baptista, R. L. C. & Giupponi, A.P.L (2003): A new troglomorphic Charinus from Minas Gerais State, Brazil (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 7: 79–84.
