| Sherman Expedition | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Combatants | |||||||
 Honduras Supported by  Guatemala | Guatemalan rebels Honduras rebels  Salvadorans RebelsSupported by  Costa Rica [2] | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Celeo Arias Ricardo Streber Gregorio Solares | Enrique Palacios (POW) Carlos Alvarado † | ||||||
The Expedition was an expedition made by Guatemalan, Salvadoran, and Honduran rebels supported by Costa Rica in an attempt to change the governments of Honduras and Guatemala in 1873.
The conservative party, defeated in Guatemala in 1871, organized a counter-revolution in 1873 with an expedition led by General Enrique Palacios aboard the General Sherman steamship. Their goal was to change the governments of Honduras and Guatemala by attempting to seize the port of Omoa. However, the small garrison at the castle in Omoa skillfully defeated them through a clever maneuver on August 7, 1873, forcing the expedition to hastily re-embark. [3]
Another part of the expedition, having entered the country through Puerto Cortés to San Pedro Sula, confronted General Gregorio Solares and his 600 Guatemalan troops entrenched north of the Chamelecón River, about two leagues from the city. On August 9 of the same year, the invading expedition, comprising 450 men, suffered a defeat with significant casualties, including General Casto Alvarado. This defeat rendered them incapable of further actions. [4]
The national anthem of Guatemala was an initiative of the government of General José María Reina Barrios. Its music was composed by Rafael Álvarez Ovalle and its original lyrics written by Cuban poet and diplomat José Joaquín Palma, in the context of the cultural and industrial event Exposición Centroamericana of 1897.
The Nahua are an Indigenous group of Mesoamerican people inhabiting the western and central areas of present-day El Salvador. They speak the Nawat language, which belongs to the Nahuan language branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. There are very few speakers of the language left, which is a reason for the current efforts being made to revitalize it.
Puerto Cortés, originally known as Puerto de Caballos, is a port city and municipality on the north Caribbean coast of Honduras, right on the Laguna de Alvarado, north of San Pedro Sula and east of Omoa, with a natural bay. The present city was founded in the early colonial period. It grew rapidly in the twentieth century, thanks to the then railroad, and banana production. In terms of volume of traffic the seaport is the largest in Central America and the 36th largest in the world. The city of Puerto Cortés has a population of 73,150.
José Joaquín Palma Lasso was a Cuban writer who was the author of the Guatemalan national anthem's lyrics.
José Milla y Vidaurre was a notable Guatemalan writer of the 19th century. He was also known by the name Pepe Milla and the pseudonym Salomé Jil. Son of a governor of the state of Honduras in the Federal Republic of Central America, José Justo de la Milla y Pineda and Mrs. Mercedes Vidaurre Molina, the daughter of a wealthy Guatemalan family. He was married to his cousin, Mercedes Vidaurre and had 7 daughters and sons.
Vicente Cerna y Cerna was president of Guatemala from 24 May 1865 to 29 June 1871. Loyal friend and comrade of Rafael Carrera, was appointed army's Field Marshal after Carraera's victory against Salvadorian leader Gerardo Barrios in 1863. He was appointed Carrera's successor after the caudillo's death in 1865 even though Guatemalan leaders would have preferred Field Marshal José Víctor Zavala.
Luis Batres Juarros or Luis Batres y Juarros was an influential conservative Guatemalan politician during the regime of General Rafael Carrera. Member of the Aycinena clan, was in charge of writing most of the legislation that was enacted during this period. The liberal historians portray him as a villain in a despotic and tyrannical government headed by illiterate Raca Carraca - Rafael Carrera - who was taking each and every one of Batres recommendations since he was considered infallible; However, research conducted between 1980 and 2010 has shown a more objective biography of both Batres and Rafael Carrera and show that it was in fact Carrera who had the reins of the Conservative government.
José Víctor Ramón Valentín de las Ánimas Zavala y Córdova was a Guatemalan Field Marshal who participated in the wars of Rafael Carrera and the National War of Nicaragua against the invasion of William Walker. After the death of President Carrera in April 1865, Zavala – who was a close friend of the late President – was proposed as the next president, but instead Field Marshal Vicente Cerna y Cerna was appointed. A military brigade headquarters in Guatemala City is named "Mariscal Zavala Brigade" in his honor.
Mariano de Aycinena y Piñol was wealthy and influential Guatemalan merchant family and an important conservative politician. A younger son of the first marquis of Aycinena, peninsular-born Juan Fermín de Aycinena (1729-1796), Mariano was a leader of Guatemalan independence from Spain. He served governor of the State of Guatemala in the Central American Federation from 1 March 1827 to 12 April 1829 and patriarch of the Aycinena family. The family had the commercial monopoly in Central American during the Spanish colonial era later year thanks to the Consulado de Comercio. He was one of the signatories of Central American independence and lobbied heavily for the annexation of Central America to the Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide. This arrangement would keep the family's economic position and privileges following independence. After being expelled along with the Aycinena family in 1829 after being defeated by Francisco Morazán, went into exile in the United States and then to Mexico. He came back to Guatemala after the conservatives had allied with general Rafael Carrera; but then he retired from public life and hand the Aycinena family leadership to Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol.
Intibucá is a city, with a population of 28,220, and a municipality in the department of Intibucá, Honduras. The urban area of Intibucá is an important transit and commercial site in the South-West region of Honduras. Located 1,850 meters above sea level, Intibucá has a cool and often foggy climate, hence the nickname "La ciudad del manto blanco". Potato production, celebrated by the annual Festival de la Papa, is the principal basis of the economy for the municipality.
Luis Marin was a spanish conquistador who served first under Captain Francisco de Saucedo then later directly under Captain General Hernán Cortés himself during several military campaigns in New Spain including the fall of Tenochtitlan, the Hibueras campaign and many other deployments along southeastern Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. He is known as the captain who lead many Conquistadors including famous Conquistador and memoir-writer Bernal Díaz del Castillo into several military campaigns to conquer or reconquer sections in southeastern Mexico. Marin would become a close friend and confidant of Cortés serving him from 1519 until 1531, the year after Cortes returned from Spain.
The Fortaleza de San Fernando is a colonial-era Spanish fortress in Omoa, Honduras. Built between 1756 and 1775, the fortress guarded Spanish interests in the-then Captaincy General of Guatemala before being seized by the Honduran government in 1821. The fortress remains relatively intact, and is a major tourist attraction in Omoa.
The First Central American Civil War was a civil political and military conflict within the Federal Republic of Central America which lasted from 1826 until 1829. The civil war was fought between Liberal and Conservative lines with Francisco Morazán leading the Liberals and Manuel José Arce, a former Liberal, leading the Conservatives.
Domínguez's Expedition to Honduras was an unsuccessful military expedition carried by the Mexican general, Vicente Domínguez in an attempt to re-establish Spanish control on Honduras.
The First Honduran-Salvadoran War was a military conflict between El Salvador and Honduras in 1845.
The 1851 Honduran Expedition to Nicaragua was a military expedition carried by the Honduran army to return José Laureano Pineda Ugarte to power after being overthrown by José Trinidad Muñoz
The Nicaraguan-Salvadoran War was a military conflict between El Salvador supported by Honduras, against Nicaragua, sparked by the Nicaraguan alliance with Guatemala, country which was at the time at war with El Salvador.
The First Guatemalan-Salvadoran intervention in Honduras was a military conflict between the allied forces of Guatemala and El Salvador against Honduras in 1872.
The Bombardment of Omoa was an assault by the British ship Niobe under the command of Sir Lambton Loraine, on the Honduran fortress of Omoa between 19 and 20 August 1873.
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