This article contains the family trees of members of the Liu clan, who ruled the state of Shu Han (221-263) in the Three Kingdoms period (220-280) in China. They were related to the House of Liu, the imperial clan of the Han dynasty.
Liu Bei's biography in the Sanguozhi stated that Liu Bei was a descendant of Liu Sheng (Prince of Zhongshan), who was a son of Emperor Jing. Liu Sheng's son was Liu Zhen. [1]
However, the Dianlue claimed that Liu Bei descended from the Marquis of Linyi. [2] Based on historical records in the Han Shu and the Houhanshu, there were two Marquis of Linyi lineages which could be traced to Emperor Jing's sons, hence there were another two lines from which Liu Bei could have possibly descended. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
The central line in the family tree below shows the Liu Sheng lineage, while the other two show the Marquis of Linyi lineages.
Liu Qi 劉啟 (Emperor Jing 景帝) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Fa 劉發 (Prince Ding of Changsha 長沙定王) | Liu Sheng 劉勝 (Prince Jing of Zhongshan 中山靖王) | Liu Shun 劉舜 (Prince Xian of Changshan 常山憲王) | |||||||||||||||||||
Liu Mai 劉買 (Marquis Jie of Chongling 舂陵節侯) | Liu Zhen 劉貞 (Marquis of Lucheng Ting 陆城亭侯 ) | Liu Ping 劉平 (Prince Qing of Zhending 真定頃王) | |||||||||||||||||||
Liu Wai 劉外 | Liu Yan 劉偃 (Prince Lie of Zhending 真定烈王) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Hui 劉回 | Liu You 劉由 (Prince Xiao of Zhending 真定孝王) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Qin 劉欽 | Liu Yong 劉雍 (Prince An of Zhending 真定安王) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Yan 劉縯 (Prince Wu of Qi 齊武王) | Liu Pu 劉普 (Prince Gong of Zhending 真定共王) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Xing 劉興 (Prince Jing of Beihai 北海靖王) | Liu Rang 劉讓 (Marquis of Linyi 臨邑侯) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Fu 劉復 (Marquis of Linyi 臨邑侯) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Taotu 劉騊駼 (Marquis of Linyi 臨邑侯) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Xiong 劉雄 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Hong 劉弘 | Liu Zijing 劉子敬 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wu Yi 吳懿 Ziyuan 子遠 | Empress Mu 穆皇后 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lady Mi 麋氏 | Mi Zhu 麋竺 Zizhong 子仲 | Mi Fang 麋芳 Zifang 子方 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lady Gan 甘氏 | Liu Bei 劉備 Xuande 玄德 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lady Sun 孫氏 | Sun Quan 孫權 Zhongmou 仲謀 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Shan 劉禪 Gongsi 公嗣 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Yong 劉永 Gongshou 公壽 | Daughter (name unknown) | Daughter (name unknown) | Liu Feng 1 劉封 | Liu Li 劉理 Fengxiao 奉孝 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Yong's son (name unknown) | Liu Yin 劉胤 | Liu Ji 劉輯 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Xuan 劉玄 | Liu Cheng 劉承 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Bei's father was Liu Hong. Liu Hong's father was Liu Xiong. [8] Liu Bei's uncle was Liu Zijing. [9]
Liu Bei had four wives: Lady Gan, Lady Mi, Lady Sun and Empress Mu. Lady Mi was the younger sister of Mi Zhu and Mi Fang; [10] Lady Sun was Sun Quan's younger sister (see Eastern Wu family trees for details); [11] Empress Mu, née Wu, was Wu Yi's younger sister. [12]
Lady Gan bore Liu Shan. [13] [14] Liu Yong and Liu Li were also Liu Bei's sons and were Liu Shan's younger half-brothers. Liu Yong and Liu Li were born to different mothers. [15] [16] Liu Bei had two daughters, who were captured by Cao Chun during the Battle of Changban. [17] Liu Feng was Liu Bei's adopted son. [18]
Liu Li had two sons: Liu Yin and Liu Ji. Liu Yin's son was Liu Cheng. [19] Liu Yong's grandson was Liu Xuan. [20]
1Liu Feng was Liu Bei's adopted son.
Zhang Fei 張飛 Yide 益德 | Lady Li 李昭儀 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Shan 劉禪 Gongsi 公嗣 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lady Wang 王貴人 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Empress Jing'ai 敬哀皇后 | Empress Zhang 張皇后 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Xuan 劉璿 Wenheng 文衡 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Yao 劉瑤 | Liu Cong 劉琮 | Liu Zan 劉瓚 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Qian1 劉虔 | Liu Xun 劉恂 | Liu Chen 劉諶 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Shan had four wives: Empress Jing'ai, Empress Zhang, Lady Li [21] and Lady Wang. Empress Jing'ai, née Zhang, was Empress Zhang's elder sister. Both of them were Zhang Fei's daughters. [22] [23]
Lady Wang bore Liu Xuan. [24] Liu Shan had another six sons: Liu Yao, Liu Cong, Liu Zan, Liu Chen, Liu Xun and Liu Qian. [20] [25] The identities of their mothers were not known.
1Liu Qian's name was recorded as "Liu Qu" (劉璩) in the Shu Shipu.
The Battle of Xiaoting (猇亭之戰), also known as the Battle of Yiling and the Battle of Yiling and Xiaoting, was fought between the state of Shu and the state of Wu, between the years 221 and 222 in the early Three Kingdoms period of China. The battle is significant because Wu was able to turn the situation from a series of initial losses into a defensive stalemate, before proceeding to win a decisive victory over Shu. The Wu victory halted the Shu invasion and preceded the death of Liu Bei, Shu's founding emperor.
Liu Bei, courtesy name Xuande (玄德), was a Chinese warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who later became the founding emperor of Shu Han, one of the Three Kingdoms of China.
Zhao Yun, courtesy name Zilong (子龍), was a military general who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a subordinate of the northern warlord Gongsun Zan, Zhao Yun later came to serve another warlord, Liu Bei, and had since accompanied him on most of his military exploits, from the Battle of Changban (208) to the Hanzhong Campaign (217–219). He continued serving in the state of Shu Han – founded by Liu Bei in 221 – in the Three Kingdoms period and participated in the first of the Northern Expeditions until his death in 229. While many facts about Zhao Yun's life remain unclear due to limited information in historical sources, some aspects and activities in his life have been dramatised or exaggerated in folklore and fiction. In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he was lauded as a member of the Five Tiger Generals under Liu Bei.
Zhang Fei, courtesy name Yide (益德), was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu, who were among the earliest to join Liu Bei, shared a brotherly relationship with their lord and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. Zhang Fei fought in various battles on Liu Bei's side, including the Red Cliffs campaign (208–209), takeover of Yi Province (212–214), and Hanzhong Campaign (217–218). He was assassinated by his subordinates in 221 after serving for only a few months in the state of Shu Han, which was founded by Liu Bei earlier that year.
Li Yan, courtesy name Zhengfang, also known as Li Ping, was a military general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He climbed to the zenith of his career when he was asked by the Shu emperor Liu Bei to be the military paramountcy and co-regent alongside Zhuge Liang for his son and successor, Liu Shan. After the death of Liu Bei, Li Yan was given the rank of General of the Vanguard which was last held by Guan Yu back in 220. Li served most of his career in the mid and late 220s as the area commander for the Eastern Front centered in Yong An with Chen Dao as his deputy; he never faced any major battles in his position. However, during the 230s and the 4th of Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions, Li Yan was given a higher rank of General of the Agile Cavalry, below only Zhuge Liang. He was assigned to handle logistics, but he was unable to deliver supplies to Zhuge Liang's army in a timely manner. After his attempt to fraudulently cover his inability to follow commands, Li Yan was stripped from positions and power.
Zhang Yi, courtesy name Junsi, was an official of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Lady Gan was a concubine of Liu Bei, the founding emperor of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China and Liu Shan's mother. She was later posthumously honoured as Lady Huangsi which means "the Lady whom the Emperor misses" by Liu Bei. Then after his death, she was named Empress Zhaolie by her son to match his father's posthumous title. In the Gazette of Kuizhou Prefecture (夔州府志) compiled in 1513, her name is given as Gan Mei (甘梅), though the compiler deems the name fictitious.
Empress Wu, personal name Wu Xian, formally known as Empress Mu, was an empress of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. She was the last wife and the only empress of Liu Bei, the founding emperor of Shu Han, and a younger sister of Wu Yi.
Empress Zhang, personal name unknown, was the last empress of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period. She was a daughter of the Shu general Zhang Fei, and was a younger sister of Empress Jing'ai. In 237, she became an Imperial Consort of the Shu emperor Liu Shan. She became empress in February 238, succeeding her elder sister, who had died in the previous year.
Huang Quan, courtesy name Gongheng, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlords Liu Zhang and Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty and in the state of Shu Han during the early Three Kingdoms period before defecting to Cao Wei. Liu Bei relied heavily on Huang Quan for counsel in both domestic and foreign policy. Under the Wei government, however, Huang Quan was restricted to only internal affairs because even though the Wei emperor Cao Pi appreciated him for his talent, he doubted Huang Quan's allegiance and believed he was still secretly loyal to Liu Bei.
Li Hui, courtesy name De'ang, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. After refusing Liu Zhang's service, Li joined Liu Bei early in his campaign to pacify Yi province. After Liu Bei's death, Li Hui proved his talents during Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign and was appointed the area commander in the south. He set the standard for his successors, such as Ma Zhong, for sound governance. After Shu-Han's co-regent Li Yan was removed from office, Li Hui was promoted again and sent to Hanzhong to assist in the Northern Expeditions but died a year later.
Fei Shi, courtesy name Gongju, was an official of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
This article contains the family trees of members of the Sun clan, who ruled the state of Eastern Wu (229–280), in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280), in China.
This article contains the family trees of members of the Cao clan, who ruled the state of Cao Wei (220–265) in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280) in China. Only Cao Cao's lineage is shown in this article. The lineages of his relatives, such as Cao Ren, Cao Zhen and others, are not included here.
Sima Yi (179–251) was a general, politician and regent of the state of Cao Wei (220–266) in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280) in China. Two of his sons, Sima Shi (208–255) and Sima Zhao (211–265), rose to power in the 250s and consecutively served as regents throughout the reigns of the last three Wei emperors. After Sima Zhao died in September 265, his son Sima Yan (236–290) forced the last Wei ruler, Cao Huan (246–303), to abdicate the throne in his favour in February 266, ending the Wei regime and establishing the Jin dynasty (266–420). This article contains the family trees of Sima Yi, his brothers, and their descendants up to Sima Yan's generation. For more details on the family trees of the Jin emperors, see Chinese emperors family tree (early)#Jin Dynasty and Chu.
Wang Lian, courtesy name Wenyi, was an official of the Yi province warlord Liu Zhang. After refusing to submit to invasion, rose to become a senior officer of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. Trusted with the salt monopoly by the regime, and a noted finder of talent.
Liu Yong (fl.221-264), courtesy name Gongshou, was an imperial prince of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was a son of Liu Bei, the founding emperor of Shu Han, and a younger half-brother of Liu Shan, the second Shu Han emperor.
Liu Li, courtesy name Fengxiao, was an imperial prince of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was a son of Liu Bei, the founding emperor of Shu, and a younger half-brother of Liu Shan, the second Shu emperor.
Du Qiong, courtesy name Boyu, was an official, astronomer and diviner of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Li Miao, courtesy name Hannan, was an official of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Liu Zhang and later Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty.