This article contains the family trees of members of the Liu clan, who ruled the state of Shu Han (221-263) in the Three Kingdoms period (220-280) in China. They were related to the House of Liu, the imperial clan of the Han dynasty.
Liu Bei's biography in the Sanguozhi stated that Liu Bei was a descendant of Liu Sheng (Prince of Zhongshan), who was a son of Emperor Jing. Liu Sheng's son was Liu Zhen. [1]
However, the Dianlue claimed that Liu Bei descended from the Marquis of Linyi. [2] Based on historical records in the Han Shu and the Houhanshu, there were two Marquis of Linyi lineages which could be traced to Emperor Jing's sons, hence there were another two lines from which Liu Bei could have possibly descended. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
The central line in the family tree below shows the Liu Sheng lineage, while the other two show the Marquis of Linyi lineages.
Liu Qi 劉啟 (Emperor Jing 景帝) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Fa 劉發 (Prince Ding of Changsha 長沙定王) | Liu Sheng 劉勝 (Prince Jing of Zhongshan 中山靖王) | Liu Shun 劉舜 (Prince Xian of Changshan 常山憲王) | |||||||||||||||||||
Liu Mai 劉買 (Marquis Jie of Chongling 舂陵節侯) | Liu Zhen 劉貞 (Marquis of Lucheng Ting 陆城亭侯 ) | Liu Ping 劉平 (Prince Qing of Zhending 真定頃王) | |||||||||||||||||||
Liu Wai 劉外 | Liu Yan 劉偃 (Prince Lie of Zhending 真定烈王) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Hui 劉回 | Liu You 劉由 (Prince Xiao of Zhending 真定孝王) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Qin 劉欽 | Liu Yong 劉雍 (Prince An of Zhending 真定安王) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Yan 劉縯 (Prince Wu of Qi 齊武王) | Liu Pu 劉普 (Prince Gong of Zhending 真定共王) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Xing 劉興 (Prince Jing of Beihai 北海靖王) | Liu Rang 劉讓 (Marquis of Linyi 臨邑侯) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Fu 劉復 (Marquis of Linyi 臨邑侯) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Taotu 劉騊駼 (Marquis of Linyi 臨邑侯) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Xiong 劉雄 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Hong 劉弘 | Liu Zijing 劉子敬 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wu Yi 吳懿 Ziyuan 子遠 | Empress Mu 穆皇后 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lady Mi 麋氏 | Mi Zhu 麋竺 Zizhong 子仲 | Mi Fang 麋芳 Zifang 子方 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lady Gan 甘氏 | Liu Bei 劉備 Xuande 玄德 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lady Sun 孫氏 | Sun Quan 孫權 Zhongmou 仲謀 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Shan 劉禪 Gongsi 公嗣 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Yong 劉永 Gongshou 公壽 | Daughter (name unknown) | Daughter (name unknown) | Liu Feng 1 劉封 | Liu Li 劉理 Fengxiao 奉孝 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Yong's son (name unknown) | Liu Yin 劉胤 | Liu Ji 劉輯 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Xuan 劉玄 | Liu Cheng 劉承 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Bei's father was Liu Hong. Liu Hong's father was Liu Xiong. [8] Liu Bei's uncle was Liu Zijing. [9]
Liu Bei had four wives: Lady Gan, Lady Mi, Lady Sun and Empress Mu. Lady Mi was the younger sister of Mi Zhu and Mi Fang; [10] Lady Sun was Sun Quan's younger sister (see Eastern Wu family trees for details); [11] Empress Mu, née Wu, was Wu Yi's younger sister. [12]
Lady Gan bore Liu Shan. [13] [14] Liu Yong and Liu Li were also Liu Bei's sons and were Liu Shan's younger half-brothers. Liu Yong and Liu Li were born to different mothers. [15] [16] Liu Bei had two daughters, who were captured by Cao Chun during the Battle of Changban. [17] Liu Feng was Liu Bei's adopted son. [18]
Liu Li had two sons: Liu Yin and Liu Ji. Liu Yin's son was Liu Cheng. [19] Liu Yong's grandson was Liu Xuan. [20]
1Liu Feng was Liu Bei's adopted son.
Zhang Fei 張飛 Yide 益德 | Lady Li 李昭儀 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Shan 劉禪 Gongsi 公嗣 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lady Wang 王貴人 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Empress Jing'ai 敬哀皇后 | Empress Zhang 張皇后 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Xuan 劉璿 Wenheng 文衡 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Yao 劉瑤 | Liu Cong 劉琮 | Liu Zan 劉瓚 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Qian1 劉虔 | Liu Xun 劉恂 | Liu Chen 劉諶 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liu Shan had four wives: Empress Jing'ai, Empress Zhang, Lady Li [21] and Lady Wang. Empress Jing'ai, née Zhang, was Empress Zhang's elder sister. Both of them were Zhang Fei's daughters. [22] [23]
Lady Wang bore Liu Xuan. [24] Liu Shan had another six sons: Liu Yao, Liu Cong, Liu Zan, Liu Chen, Liu Xun and Liu Qian. [20] [25] The identities of their mothers were not known.
1Liu Qian's name was recorded as "Liu Qu" (劉璩) in the Shu Shipu.
Xiahou Dun, courtesy name Yuanrang, was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He served for a few months under Cao Cao's successor, Cao Pi, before his death. As one of Cao Cao's most trusted generals, Xiahou Dun aided the warlord in his campaigns against Lü Bu, Liu Bei, Sun Quan and others.
Ma Chao (176–222), courtesy name Mengqi, was a Chinese military general and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. A descendant of the general Ma Yuan, Ma Chao was the eldest son of Ma Teng, a prominent warlord in Liang Province. In 211, he formed a coalition with Han Sui and other northwestern warlords and revolted against the Han central government, which was led by the warlord Cao Cao. The coalition broke up after losing the Battle of Tong Pass against Cao Cao's forces. Ma Chao initially retreated, but later returned to attack and seize control of Liang Province by killing the provincial inspector Wei Kang and forcing Wei Kang's subordinates to submit to him. About a year after Ma Chao started his uprising, Emperor Xian issued an imperial decree ordering the execution of Ma Chao's family members, who were in Ye city at the time. In the meantime, Wei Kang's subordinates, led by Zhao Ang, Yang Fu and others, rebelled against Ma Chao and forced him out of Liang Province. Ma Chao retreated to Hanzhong Commandery, where he borrowed troops from the warlord Zhang Lu, and returned to attack Liang Province but was ultimately defeated and driven back. Ma Chao took shelter under Zhang Lu for a while until around 214, when he heard that the warlord Liu Bei was fighting for control over Yi Province with Yi Province's governor, Liu Zhang. He defected to Liu Bei's side and assisted Liu Bei in capturing Yi Province from Liu Zhang. Ma Chao had served as a general under Liu Bei since then and participated in the Hanzhong Campaign in 219. He died in 222.
The Battle of Xiaoting (猇亭之戰), also known as the Battle of Yiling and the Battle of Yiling and Xiaoting, was fought between the state of Shu and the state of Wu, between the years 221 and 222 in the early Three Kingdoms period of China. The battle is significant because Wu was able to turn the situation from a series of initial losses into a defensive stalemate, before proceeding to win a decisive victory over Shu. The Wu victory halted the Shu invasion and preceded the death of Liu Bei, Shu's founding emperor.
Liu Bei, courtesy name Xuande (玄德), was a Chinese warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who later became the founding emperor of Shu Han, one of the Three Kingdoms of China. Although he was a distant relative of the Han imperial family, Liu Bei's father died when he was a child and left his family impoverished. To help his mother, he sold shoes and straw mats. When he reached the age of fifteen, his mother sent him to study under Lu Zhi. In his youth, Liu Bei was known as ambitious and charismatic. He gathered a militia army to fight the Yellow Turbans. Liu Bei fought bravely in many battles and grew famous for his exploits. Later, he participated in the coalition against Dong Zhuo, following this joined his childhood friend Gongsun Zan and fought under him against Yuan Shao.
Zhang Fei, courtesy name Yide, was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu, who were among the earliest to join Liu Bei, shared a brotherly relationship with their lord and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. Zhang Fei fought in various battles on Liu Bei's side, including the Red Cliffs campaign (208–209), takeover of Yi Province (212–214), and Hanzhong Campaign (217–218). He was assassinated by his subordinates in 221 after serving for only a few months in the state of Shu Han, which was founded by Liu Bei earlier that year.
Empress He, personal name unknown, posthumously known as Empress Lingsi, was an empress of the Eastern Han dynasty. She was the second empress consort of Emperor Ling and the mother of Emperor Shao. After the death of Emperor Ling in 189, she became empress dowager when her young son, Liu Bian, became the new emperor. She was caught up in the conflict between her brother, General-in-Chief He Jin, and the eunuch faction, who were both vying for power in the Han imperial court. After He Jin's assassination and the elimination of the eunuch faction, the warlord Dong Zhuo took advantage of the power vacuum to lead his forces into the imperial capital and seize control of the Han central government. Dong Zhuo subsequently deposed Emperor Shao, replaced him with Liu Xie, and had Empress Dowager He poisoned to death.
Liu Feng was an adopted son of Liu Bei, a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty and founded the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He traced his lineage to a certain marquis whose family name was "Kou" (寇). He was also related to the House of Liu – the imperial clan of the Han dynasty from which Liu Bei descended – albeit not directly. He served as a general in his adoptive father's military forces.
Zhang Yi, courtesy name Junsi, was an official of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Empress Wu, personal name Wu Xian, formally known as Empress Mu, was an empress of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. She was the last wife and the only empress of Liu Bei, the founding emperor of Shu Han, and a younger sister of Wu Yi.
Huang Quan, courtesy name Gongheng, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlords Liu Zhang and Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty and in the state of Shu Han during the early Three Kingdoms period before defecting to Cao Wei. Liu Bei relied heavily on Huang Quan for counsel in both domestic and foreign policy. Under the Wei government, however, Huang Quan was restricted to only internal affairs because even though the Wei emperor Cao Pi appreciated him for his talent, he doubted Huang Quan's allegiance and believed he was still secretly loyal to Liu Bei.
Xiang Lang (160s-247), courtesy name Juda, was an official and scholar of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlords Liu Biao and Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty. In 243, Xiang Lang resigned and spent the remaining years of his life reading, writing, proofreading and editing various classical texts. By the time of his death in 247, he was one of the foremost book collectors of his time and a major source of influence for many later scholars. He was an uncle of the Shu general Xiang Chong.
Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province was a military campaign by the warlord Liu Bei in taking control of Yi Province from the provincial governor, Liu Zhang. The campaign took place between the years 211 and 214 in the late Eastern Han dynasty; although the conflict between Liu Bei and Liu Zhang started in January or February 213 when the latter discovered the former secret communications and subsequently executed Zhang Song. It concluded with victory for Liu Bei and his successful takeover of the province from Liu Zhang in July 214. Yi Province would serve as the foundation of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period.
The Hanzhong Campaign was a military campaign launched by the warlord Liu Bei to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from his rival, Cao Cao. The campaign took place between December 217 and August 219 during the prelude to the Three Kingdoms period. Although Cao Cao's forces had settled in Hanzhong Commandery two years prior after the Battle of Yangping, they were worn out by an overall Fabian strategy employed by Liu Bei's forces, who used targeted attacks to capture strategic locations from the enemy. One of these attacks resulted in the death of Xiahou Yuan, one of Cao Cao's top generals, delivering a huge blow to the morale of Cao Cao's forces. Due to logistical and other issues, Cao Cao was eventually forced to abandon Hanzhong Commandery and order a retreat in June 219. Liu Bei emerged victorious in the campaign and occupied Hanzhong Commandery, after which he declared himself "King of Hanzhong" in August of that year.
This article contains the family trees of members of the Sun clan, who ruled the state of Eastern Wu (229–280), in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280), in China.
This article contains the family trees of members of the Cao clan, who ruled the state of Cao Wei (220–265) in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280) in China. Only Cao Cao's lineage is shown in this article. The lineages of his relatives, such as Cao Ren, Cao Zhen and others, are not included here.
Sima Yi (179–251) was a general, politician and regent of the state of Cao Wei (220–266) in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280) in China. Two of his sons, Sima Shi (208–255) and Sima Zhao (211–265), rose to power in the 250s and consecutively served as regents throughout the reigns of the last three Wei emperors. After Sima Zhao died in September 265, his son Sima Yan (236–290) forced the last Wei ruler, Cao Huan (246–303), to abdicate the throne in his favour in February 266, ending the Wei regime and establishing the Jin dynasty (266–420). This article contains the family trees of Sima Yi, his brothers, and their descendants up to Sima Yan's generation. For more details on the family trees of the Jin emperors, see Chinese emperors family tree (early)#Jin Dynasty and Chu.
Liu Yong (fl.221-264), courtesy name Gongshou, was an imperial prince of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was a son of Liu Bei, the founding emperor of Shu Han, and a younger half-brother of Liu Shan, the second Shu Han emperor.
Liu Li, courtesy name Fengxiao, was an imperial prince of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was a son of Liu Bei, the founding emperor of Shu, and a younger half-brother of Liu Shan, the second Shu emperor.
Zhou Qun, courtesy name Zhongzhi, was an official, astronomer and diviner who served under the warlords Liu Zhang and Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Two of his interpretations of comets are preserved in volumes 102–104 of the Book of the Later Han, presumably through quotation by Qiao Zhou.
Yang Xi, courtesy name Wenran, was an official of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He is best known for writing the Ji Han Fuchen Zan, a collection of praises of notable persons who served in the Shu Han state. Chen Shou, the third-century historian who wrote the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), extensively quoted and annotated Yang Xi's collection.