Sigmund Wassermann | |
---|---|
Born | |
Died | February 28, 1958 68) | (aged
Occupation(s) | Lawyer and banker |
Known for | Jewish banker that moved to the US during World war II |
Sigmund Wassermann (October 16, 1889 in Bamberg - February 28, 1958 in New York) was a German lawyer and banker. He was a prominent Jewish banker that escaped Nazi Germany and emigrated to the United States during World War II.
He grew up and lived in Germany and served in German army during World War I. He became known for having to sell the painting An Allegory of Hearing by Anna Rosina de Gasc to pay for his escape. The painting was restituted to his heirs by the Dutch Restitution Commission in 2008. [1]
Sigmund Wassermann was the youngest son of Emil Wassermann. [2] He attended the Humanist Gymnasium in Bamberg. He went on to study at the Handelshochschule Berlin and obtained his doctorate from the University of Erlangen on October 22, 1912, with a thesis entitled "Das Sortengeschäft in Deutschland in seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung" ("The Historical Development of the Variety Business in Germany"). At the end of his studies, he also obtained the academic degrees of Dr. rer. pol. and Dr. jur. [3] He completed his training at Bankhaus L. Behrens & Söhne in Hamburg and at the Paris stockbroking firm Alfred Gans & Co. In 1914/1915, he worked for a short time at Deutsche Bank in Constantinople; his brother Osca later became its chairman. [4]
In 1915 Wassermann was drafted as a soldier into the 24th Bavarian Infantry Regiment in Bamberg and was promoted to lieutenant during the war. On September 19, 1917, he was awarded the "Ehrenzeichen P.E.K.. II. class". His discharge took place on December 18, 1918 from the 5th Bavarian Infantry Regiment as a result of demobilization.
As later honors he received for his participation in the war on August 18, 1927 the possession certificate of the "Prinz-Alfons-Erinnerungszeichen" donated by His Royal Highness, Prince Alfons of Bavaria, as well as on April 23, 1935 the Cross of Honor for Front Combatants based on the decree of July 13, 1934 from the Reich President Field Marshal General von Hindenburg in memory of the World War 1914/18..
On December 30, 1918, he moved from Schützenstr. 21 in Bamberg to Berlin, where he managed the Berlin branch of Bankhaus Wassermann together with his cousin Max von Wassermann. In1919 he became a member of the "Central Committee of German Jews for Aid and Reconstruction", an aid organization for Jewish emigrants from Russia. In 1929 he joined the Initiative Committee for the Expansion of the Jewish Agency. From 1924 to 1934 he lived at Tiergartenstraße 8d with his brother Oscar and his family. He then moved to Rauchstraße 14, thus remaining in a preferred residential area of Berlin. From 1930, as a partner in the Wassermann banking house, he was a member of the "American Chamber of Commerce in Germany". From 1932 to 1933, he was a member of the board of the Centralverband des Deutschen Bank- und Bankiersgewerbes. Together with Max Warburg, Willy Dreyfus and Eugen Mittwoch, he sat on the board of trustees of the Haffkine Foundation, which had taken over the supervisory duties of the "Central Committee." He left this function only after his own emigration.
After the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Wassermann was persecuted due to his Jewish heritage. On January 21, 1939, Wassermann escaped to Holland, where he worked for a short time as a banker at N.V. Fidia Financieering en Discontering Maatschappij und Bankierskantoor Albert Graef N.V.. He fled with a passport issued by the Berlin police chief together with a residence permit until September 19, 1941. His place of refuge was Honthorstraat 52 in Amsterdam.
On January 14, 1941, the occupation authorities of Nazi Germany in the Netherlands granted Wassermann permission to emigrate. He arrived in the USA via Portugal in March 1941, where he lived in New York on 2nd East 86th Street and became a US citizen on May 5, 1947. [5]
In April 1941 he had to sell the painting by Anna Rosina de Gasc An Allegory of Hearing (also known as Woman playing a lute) to the art dealer P. de Boer through his lawyer C. F. van Veen for the price of 1,000 guilders. The painting was restituted to the heirs of Sigmund Wassermann in 2008 following a decision by the Dutch Restitution Commission. [1]
In New York Wassermann belonged to the Fire Department by December 7, 1942, and he received a "Certificate of Literacy" from New York University dated September 28, 1948. In 1946, he worked for the Eutectic Welding Alloys Corp. in Flushing, New York. He had built up the company together with his cousin René from Lausanne. He served as treasurer of the Leo Baeck Institute in New York until his death.
He remained unmarried. Sigmund Wassermann died in New York on February 28, 1958.
August Paul von Wassermann was a German bacteriologist and hygienist.
Aryanization was the Nazi term for the seizure of property from Jews and its transfer to non-Jews, and the forced expulsion of Jews from economic life in Nazi Germany, Axis-aligned states, and their occupied territories. It entailed the transfer of Jewish property into "Aryan" or non-Jewish hands.
Wilhelm Genazino was a German journalist and author. He worked first as a journalist for the satirical magazine pardon and for Lesezeichen. From the early 1970s, he was a freelance writer who became known by a trilogy of novels, Abschaffel-Trilogie, completed in 1979. It was followed by more novels and two plays. Among his many awards is the prestigious Georg Büchner Prize.
Friedrich Wilhelm Adami was a German author, critic, and publicist. He was born at Suhl, Thuringia, Germany, studied medicine, then philosophy and history, in Berlin. He was a regular theater critic and columnist for the Neue Preussische Zeitung newspaper, as well as doing translations. Among his most renowned original works are Ein ehrlicher Mann (1850) and Der Doppelgänger (1870). Among his collections of historical tales are Fürstenund Volksbilder aus der vaterländischen Geschichte (1863) and Aus den Tagen zweier Könige. His works are known for his clear writing style and a thoroughly patriotic tone.
Claudia Schmölders, also Claudia Henn-Schmölders is a German cultural scholar, author, and translator.
Joachim Radkau is a German historian.
Avraham Barkai was a German-born Israeli historian and researcher of antisemitism. He died at age 99 on 29 February 2020 in Lehavot HaBashan.
Hermann Frenkel was a partner of the Jacquier and Securius Bank and after 1923 a partner of Friedrich Minoux, owner of the Wannsee Villa, later the venue of the Wannsee Conference. Frenkel was a Privy Commercial Councillor, and one of the founders of Universum Film AG. Frenkel was also a noted art collector, who concentrated on German, French, and Spanish 19th-century paintings, as well as Dutch 17th-century and Venetian 18th-century works. His heirs sold most of the collection in October 1932. Some works were not sold, among them a still-life by Snyders, which today is in the Museum Kunstpalast in Düsseldorf, which was bought in 1938.
The Jacquier and Securius Bank was a prominent German private bank founded in 1817 by August Jacquier and Henrich Securius. The bank's headquarters were located in central Berlin in a building nicknamed the Red Castle. Originally under Jewish ownership, the bank began the process of Aryanization in 1933, which Richard Lenz and Robert Kraus becoming the majority stakeholders. The bank was closed by 1945 after its assets had been taken by the state its buildings sold.
Manfred Rühl is a German communication scientist with a social science background.
Wilhelm von Finck was a German entrepreneur and banker. Finck was a co-founder of the German companies Allianz and Munich Re.
Albrecht Theodor Andreas Graf von Bernstorff was a German diplomat and member of the resistance to Nazi Germany.
Oscar Wassermann was a German-Jewish banker.
Curt Glaser was a German Jewish art historian, art critic and collector who was persecuted by the Nazis.
Hyacinth Holland was a German art and literature historian.
Willy Dreyfus was a Swiss banker of German-Jewish origin.
Abraham Adelsberger was a German toy factory owner, councilor of commerce and art collector.
Bankhaus Adolph Meyer was a private bank, and the oldest in Hanover, Germany. It played a prominent role in the industrialization of Lower Saxony, particularly in the cotton and coal and steel industries, especially since the time of the Kingdom of Hanover. During the Nazi era, it was "Aryanized". It is now located on Schillerstraße at the corner of Rosenstraße in Hannover's Mitte district.
Martin Aufhäuser was a German banker who ran and grew private bank Bankhaus H. Aufhäuse. During the Nazi era the bank was Aryanized and Aufhäuser escaped to the United States.
Walter Bornheim was a German art dealer deeply involved in Nazi looted art.