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Extreme poverty is the most severe type of poverty, defined by the United Nations (UN) as "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to services". Historically, other definitions have been proposed within the United Nations.
Poverty is a state or condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources and essentials for a basic standard of living. Poverty can have diverse environmental, legal, social, economic, and political causes and effects. When evaluating poverty in statistics or economics there are two main measures: absolute poverty which compares income against the amount needed to meet basic personal needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter; secondly, relative poverty measures when a person cannot meet a minimum level of living standards, compared to others in the same time and place. The definition of relative poverty varies from one country to another, or from one society to another.
The poverty threshold, poverty limit, poverty line, or breadline is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country. The poverty line is usually calculated by estimating the total cost of one year's worth of necessities for the average adult. The cost of housing, such as the rent for an apartment, usually makes up the largest proportion of this estimate, so economists track the real estate market and other housing cost indicators as a major influence on the poverty line. Individual factors are often used to account for various circumstances, such as whether one is a parent, elderly, a child, married, etc. The poverty threshold may be adjusted annually. In practice, like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in developed countries than in developing countries.
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Poverty reduction, poverty relief, or poverty alleviation is a set of measures, both economic and humanitarian, that are intended to permanently lift people out of poverty. Measures, like those promoted by Henry George in his economics classic Progress and Poverty, are those that raise, or are intended to raise, ways of enabling the poor to create wealth for themselves as a conduit of ending poverty forever. In modern times, various economists within the Georgism movement propose measures like the land value tax to enhance access to the natural world for all. Poverty occurs in both developing countries and developed countries. While poverty is much more widespread in developing countries, both types of countries undertake poverty reduction measures.
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References
- ↑ Worldbank Data-Vietnam.Retrieved on 12 February 2012
- 1 2 VLSS 1992/93, 1997/98; VHLSS 2002, 2004
- ↑ UN-Vietnam-Basic Statistics.Retrieved on 12 February 2012.
- ↑ World Bank-Rural Poverty in Viet Nam.Retrieved on 12 February 2012.
- ↑ Nguyen, Ngoc P. (August 2008). Childhood Poverty in Vietnam: A Review (PDF). Young Lives (Report). Oxford Department of International Development. TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 9.
- ↑ Child Poverty in East Asia and Pacific - Deprivations and Disparities - A Study of Seven Countries (PDF) (Report). Bangkok: UNICEF East Asia and Pacific. October 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2012.
- 1 2 "New approach to child poverty developed for Viet Nam". The United Nations in Viet Nam (Press release). 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019.