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The Rorschach test is a projective psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both. Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning. It has been employed to detect underlying thought disorder, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly. The test is named after its creator, Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach. The Rorschach can be thought of as a psychometric examination of pareidolia, the active pattern of perceiving objects, shapes, or scenery as meaningful things to the observer's experience, the most common being faces or other pattern of forms that are not present at the time of the observation. In the 1960s, the Rorschach was the most widely used projective test.
Evelyn Hooker was an American psychologist most notable for her 1956 paper "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual" in which she administered several psychological tests to groups of self-identified male homosexuals and heterosexuals and asked experts to identify the homosexuals and rate their mental health. The experiment, which other researchers subsequently repeated, found that homosexuality was not a mental disorder, as there was no detectable difference between homosexual and heterosexual men in terms of mental adjustment.
Hermann Rorschach was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. His education in art helped to spur the development of a set of inkblots that were used experimentally to measure various unconscious parts of the subject's personality. His method has come to be referred to as the Rorschach test, iterations of which have continued to be used over the years to help identify personality, psychotic, and neurological disorders. Rorschach continued to refine the test until his premature death at age 37.
In psychology, a projective test is a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test. This is sometimes contrasted with a so-called "objective test" / "self-report test", which adopt a "structured" approach as responses are analyzed according to a presumed universal standard, and are limited to the content of the test. The responses to projective tests are content analyzed for meaning rather than being based on presuppositions about meaning, as is the case with objective tests. Projective tests have their origins in psychoanalysis, which argues that humans have conscious and unconscious attitudes and motivations that are beyond or hidden from conscious awareness.
Bruno Klopfer was a German psychologist, born in Bavaria.
John E. Exner, Jr., born in Syracuse, New York, was an American psychologist. He received a BS and an MS degree in psychology from Trinity University and a PhD in clinical psychology from Cornell University in 1958. From 1968 to 1969 he served as a director for the East Asia/Pacific and North Africa, Near East, South Asia Regions of the Office of Selection, Peace Corps of the United States of America. Later he became a faculty member at Long Island University, where he was director of clinical training from 1969 to 1979. He became professor emeritus in 1984.
An ink blot test is a personality test that involves the evaluation of a subject's response to ambiguous ink blots. This test was published in 1921 by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach. The interpretation of people's responses to the Rorschach Inkblot Test was originally based on psychoanalytical theory but investigators have used it in an empirical fashion. When this test is used empirically, the quality of the responses is related to the measurements of personality.
Lt. Colonel Douglas McGlashan Kelley was a United States Army Military Intelligence Corps officer who served as chief psychiatrist at Nuremberg Prison during the Nuremberg War Trials. He worked to ascertain defendants' competency before they stood trial.
Molly Harrower was an American clinical psychologist. During the Second World War she created a large-scale multiple choice Rorschach test. She was one of the first clinical psychologists to open a private practice. Specializing in diagnostics, Harrower developed a scale allowing practitioners to predict which patients would profit from psychotherapy.
Irving B. Weiner is an American psychologist and past president of Division 12 of the American Psychological Association. and past president of the Society for Personality Assessment. He is the author and editor of many books on psychology.
Auke Tellegen was a Dutch-born American psychologist known for his contributions to personality psychology. He was a professor of psychology at the University of Minnesota from 1968 to 1999 where he helped develop the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire and contributed to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
The Bruno Klopfer Award is an award for lifetime achievement in personality psychology managed by the Society for Personality Assessment. It is the Society's most prestigious award and is named after the Society's founder Bruno Klopfer.
Zygmunt A. Piotrowski (1904–1985) was a Polish born American psychologist who worked on the Rorschach test. He received the Bruno Klopfer Award in 1971 and the Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions from the American Psychological Association in 1980.
Wayne Harold Holtzman was an American psychologist best known for the development of the Holtzman Inkblot Test. Holtzman received a master's degree from Northwestern University and a doctorate from Stanford University. He worked at the University of Texas at Austin from 1949 until he retired in 1993. He developed the Holtzman Inkblot Test to address deficiencies in the Rorschach test.
Marguerite Rosenberg Hertz (1899–1992) was an American psychologist who specialized in the Rorschach test.
Samuel Jacob Beck (1896–1980) was an American psychologist who worked on personality assessment and the Rorschach test.
Martin Mayman (1924–1999) was an American psychologist who worked with the Rorschach test. He received his B.S. degree in 1943 from the City College of New York, his M.S. in 1947 from New York University and his Ph.D. in 1953 from the University of Kansas.
James N. Butcher is an American psychologist. He was a member of the Department of Psychology at the University of Minnesota. He received the Bruno Klopfer Award in 2004.
Piotrowski signs are ten signs of organic brain disease that can be found from having patients analyze Rorschach tests. They were identified by Zygmunt Piotrowski, who analyzed the Rorschach test interpretations of patients with organic brain disease, central nervous system diseases (non-cerebral), and conversion disorder. He found that the patients with cortical-subcortical damage had interpretations that were more abnormal than those with non-cerebral organic abnormalities and conversion disorder.
References
- ↑ Society for Personality Assessment official website.
- ↑ Staff writer (Dec. 1980). "The Society for Personality Assessment." Journal of Personality Assessment , vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 661-662. doi : 10.1207/s15327752jpa4406_22.
- ↑ O'Roark, Ann M., and John E. Exner (1989). History and Directory: Society for Personality Assessment, Fiftieth Anniversary. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0805805699. ISSN 0022-3891.
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