Spherical bearing

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Spherical plain bearing Spherical plain bearing.jpg
Spherical plain bearing
Spherical roller bearing, with rolling elements at the contact surface Srjoint.jpg
Spherical roller bearing, with rolling elements at the contact surface

A spherical bearing is a bearing that permits rotation about a central point in two orthogonal directions (usually within a specified angular limit based on the bearing geometry). Typically these bearings support a rotating shaft in the bore of the inner ring that must move not only rotationally, but also at an angle. It can either be a plain bearing or roller bearing.

Contents

Self-aligning spherical bearings were first used by James Nasmyth around 1840 to support line shaft bearings in mills and machine shops. [1] For long shafts it was impossible to accurately align bearings, even if the shaft was perfectly straight. Nasmyth used brass bearing shells between hemispherical brass cups to allow the bearings to self-align.

Construction

Spherical bearings can be of a hydrostatic or mechanical construction. A spherical bearing by itself consists of an outer ring and an inner ring and a locking feature that makes the inner ring captive within the outer ring in the axial direction only. The outer surface of the inner ring and the inner surface of the outer ring are spherical and are collectively considered the raceway and they slide against each other, either with a lubricant, a maintenance-free (typically polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE) based liner, or they incorporate a rolling element such as a race of ball-bearings, allowing lower friction.

Applications

Spherical bearings are used in car suspensions, engines, driveshafts, heavy machinery, sewing machines, robotics and many other applications: wherever rotational motion must be allowed to change the alignment of its rotation axis. An example, although this is rarely used in practice, is the drive axle bearings of a vehicle control arm (or A-arm) suspension. The mechanics of the suspension allow the axle to move up and down (and the wheel to turn in order to steer the vehicle), and the axle bearings must allow the rotational axis of the axle to change without binding. This is a simple concept that illustrates a possible application of a spherical bearing. In fact, spherical bearings are used in smaller sub-components of this type of suspension, for example certain types of constant-velocity joints.

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">SKF</span> Worlds largest bearing manufacturer

AB SKF is a Swedish bearing and seal manufacturing company founded in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1907. The company manufactures and supplies bearings, seals, lubrication and lubrication systems, maintenance products, mechatronics products, power transmission products, condition monitoring systems and related services globally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Axle</span> Central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear

An axle or axletree is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. On wheeled vehicles, the axle may be fixed to the wheels, rotating with them, or fixed to the vehicle, with the wheels rotating around the axle. In the former case, bearings or bushings are provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported. In the latter case, a bearing or bushing sits inside a central hole in the wheel to allow the wheel or gear to rotate around the axle. Sometimes, especially on bicycles, the latter type of axle is referred to as a spindle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ball bearing</span> Type of rolling-element bearing

A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the separation between the bearing races.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bearing (mechanical)</span> Mechanism to constrain relative movement to the desired motion and reduce friction

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for example, provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction. Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed, or the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rolling-element bearing</span> Bearing which carries a load with rolling elements placed between two grooved rings

In mechanical engineering, a rolling-element bearing, also known as a rolling bearing, is a bearing which carries a load by placing rolling elements between two concentric, grooved rings called races. The relative motion of the races causes the rolling elements to roll with very little rolling resistance and with little sliding.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caster</span> Undriven wheel that is designed to be attached to the bottom of a larger object

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constant-velocity joint</span> Mechanisms for smoothly transmitting rotation through a bend in a drive shaft

A constant-velocity joint is a mechanical coupling which allows the shafts to rotate freely as the angle between the two shafts moves within a certain range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thrust bearing</span> Family of rotary bearings designed to support axial loads

A thrust bearing is a particular type of rotary bearing. Like other bearings they permanently rotate between parts, but they are designed to support a predominantly axial load.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rolling</span> Type of motion which combines translation and rotation with respect to a surface

Rolling is a type of motion that combines rotation and translation of that object with respect to a surface, such that, if ideal conditions exist, the two are in contact with each other without sliding.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pillow block bearing</span> Bracket used to provide support to rotating shafts

A pillow block bearing is a pedestal used to provide support for a rotating shaft with the help of compatible bearings and various accessories. The assembly consists of a mounting block which houses a bearing. The block is mounted to a foundation and a shaft is inserted allowing the inner part of the bearing / shaft to rotate. The inside of the bearing is typically 0.025 millimetres (0.001 in) larger diameter than the shaft to ensure a tight fit. Set screws, locking collars, or set collars are commonly used to secure the shaft. Housing material for a pillow block is typically made of cast iron or cast steel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tapered roller bearing</span> Type of roller bearing which can support axial loads

Tapered roller bearings are rolling element bearings that can support axial forces as well as radial forces.

A linear-motion bearing or linear slide is a bearing designed to provide free motion in one direction. There are many different types of linear motion bearings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ball joint</span> Spherical bearing most commonly used in automobile steering mechanisms

In an automobile, ball joints are spherical bearings that connect the control arms to the steering knuckles, and are used on virtually every automobile made. They bionically resemble the ball-and-socket joints found in most tetrapod animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wire race bearing</span> Rolling-element bearing, where the balls or rollers run on races resembling loops of wire

A wire race bearing is a rolling-element bearing, where the balls or rollers run on races resembling loops of wire. Roller bearings may use just two races, but ball bearings typically use three or four races. Wire race bearings can be large yet lightweight and with small profile and good precision. Wire races have little intrinsic structure and must be adequately supported by the bearing housing. Balls, rollers or even cross rollers are used as rolling elements. Due to the design wire race bearings are commonly called '4-point-contact' bearings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slewing bearing</span> Rotational support element for directional alignment

To "slew" means to turn without change of place.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NTN Corporation</span> Japanese manufacturer of bearings

NTN Corporation is one of the most prominent manufacturers of bearings in Japan, second domestically only to NSK Ltd. The company is one of the largest exporters worldwide of friction-reducing products such as constant-velocity joints.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spherical roller bearing</span> Rolling-element bearing that tolerates angular misalignment

A spherical roller bearing is a rolling-element bearing that permits rotation with low friction, and permits angular misalignment. Typically these bearings support a rotating shaft in the bore of the inner ring that may be misaligned in respect to the outer ring. The misalignment is possible due to the spherical internal shape of the outer ring and spherical rollers. Despite what their name may imply, spherical roller bearings are not truly spherical in shape. The rolling elements of spherical roller bearings are mainly cylindrical in shape, but have a profile that makes them appear like cylinders that have been slightly over-inflated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spherical roller thrust bearing</span> Type of roller bearing which supports axial loads and permits angular misalignment

A spherical roller thrust bearing is a rolling-element bearing of thrust type that permits rotation with low friction, and permits angular misalignment. The bearing is designed to take radial loads, and heavy axial loads in one direction. Typically these bearings support a rotating shaft in the bore of the shaft washer that may be misaligned in respect to the housing washer. The misalignment is possible due to the spherical internal shape of the house washer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gear bearing</span>

A gear bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing similar to an epicyclic gear. Gear bearings consist of a number of smaller 'satellite' gears which revolve around the center of the bearing along a track on the outsides of the internal and satellite gears, and on the inside of the external gear. Each gear is in between two concentric rings. Therefore, the widths of the satellite gears must all be the same.

A cannon bearing or cannon box bearing is an arrangement of bearings on a shaft, usually an axle, where two bearings are mounted in an enclosed tube.

References

  1. Rolt, L.T.C. (1986) [1965]. Tools for the Job. HMSO. ISBN   0112904335.