SroC RNA

Last updated
sroC RNA
RF00369.jpg
Identifiers
SymbolsroC
Rfam RF00369
Other data
RNA type Gene; sRNA
Domain(s) Bacteria
SO 0000655
PDB structures PDBe

The bacterial SroC RNA is a non-coding RNA gene of around 160 nucleotides in length. SroC is found in several enterobacterial species. [1] This RNA interacts with the Hfq protein.

Non-coding RNA class of RNA

A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. The DNA sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene. Abundant and functionally important types of non-coding RNAs include transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, scaRNAs and the long ncRNAs such as Xist and HOTAIR.

Hfq protein

The Hfq protein encoded by the hfq gene was discovered in 1968 as an Escherichia coli host factor that was essential for replication of the bacteriophage Qβ. It is now clear that Hfq is an abundant bacterial RNA binding protein which has many important physiological roles that are usually mediated by interacting with Hfq binding sRNA.

SroC acts as a ‘sponge,’ and base pairs with and regulates activity of the sRNA GcvB. This interaction triggers the degradation of GcvB by RNase E, alleviating the GcvB-mediated mRNA repression of other amino acid-related transport and metabolic genes. [2] [3]

GcvB RNA

The gcvB RNA gene encodes a small non-coding RNA involved in the regulation of a number of amino acid transport systems as well as amino acid biosynthetic genes. The GcvB gene is found in enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli. GcvB regulates genes by acting as an antisense binding partner of the mRNAs for each regulated gene. This binding is dependent on binding to a protein called Hfq. Transcription of the GcvB RNA is activated by the adjacent GcvA gene and repressed by the GcvR gene. A deletion of GcvB RNA from Y. pestis changed colony shape as well as reducing growth. It has been shown by gene deletion that GcvB is a regulator of acid resistance in E. coli. GcvB enhances the ability of the bacterium to survive low pH by upregulating the levels of the alternate sigma factor RpoS. A polymeric form of GcvB has recently been identified. Interaction of GcvB with small RNA SroC triggers the degradation of GcvB by RNase E, lifting the GcvB-mediated mRNA repression of its target genes.

Related Research Articles

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YdaO/yuaA leader

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OxyS RNA

OxyS RNA is a small non-coding RNA which is induced in response to oxidative stress in Escherichia coli. This RNA acts as a global regulator to activate or repress the expression of as many as 40 genes, by an antisense mechanism, including the fhlA-encoded transcriptional activator and the rpoS-encoded sigma(s) subunit of RNA polymerase. OxyS is bound by the Hfq protein, that increases the OxyS RNA interaction with its target messages. Binding to Hfq alters the conformation of OxyS. The 109 nucleotide RNA is thought to be composed of three stem-loops.

RyhB

RyhB RNA is a 90 nucleotide RNA that down-regulates a set of iron-storage and iron-using proteins when iron is limiting; it is itself negatively regulated by the ferric uptake repressor protein, Fur.

Spot 42 RNA

Spot 42 RNA is a regulatory non-coding bacterial small RNA encoded by the spf gene. Spf is found in gammaproteobacteria and the majority of experimental work on Spot42 has been performed in Escherichia coli and recently in Aliivibrio salmonicida. In the cell Spot42 plays essential roles as a regulator in carbohydrate metabolism and uptake, and its expression is activated by glucose, and inhibited by the cAMP-CRP complex.

MicA RNA

The MicA RNA is a small non-coding RNA that was discovered in E. coli during a large scale screen. Expression of SraD is highly abundant in stationary phase, but low levels could be detected in exponentially growing cells as well.

SroB RNA

The sroB RNA is a non-coding RNA gene of 90 nucleotides in length. sroB is found in several Enterobacterial species but its function is unknown. SroB is found in the intergenic region on the opposite strand to the ybaK and ybaP genes. SroB is expressed in stationary phase. Experiments have shown that SroB is a Hfq binding sRNA.

SroD RNA

The bacterial sroD RNA gene is a non-coding RNA of 90 nucleotides in length. sroD is found in several Enterobacterial species but its function is unknown.

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Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2V2 gene. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant proteins constitute a distinct subfamily within the E2 protein family.

EIF1AX protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

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ZNF143 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

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Hfq binding sRNA

An Hfq binding sRNA is an sRNA that binds the bacterial RNA binding protein called Hfq. A number of bacterial small RNAs which have been shown to bind to Hfq have been characterised . Many of these RNAs share a similar structure composed of three stem-loops. Several studies have expanded this list, and experimentally validated a total of 64 Hfq binding sRNA in Salmonella Typhimurium. A transcriptome wide study on Hfq binding sites in Salmonella mapped 126 Hfq binding sites within sRNAs. Genomic SELEX has been used to show that Hfq binding RNAs are enriched in the sequence motif 5'-AAYAAYAA-3'. Genome-wide study identified 40 candidate Hfq-dependent sRNAs in plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. 12 of them were confirmed by Northern blot.

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Bacterial small RNAs (sRNA) are small RNAs produced by bacteria; they are 50- to 500-nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules, highly structured and containing several stem-loops. Numerous sRNAs have been identified using both computational analysis and laboratory-based techniques such as Northern blotting, microarrays and RNA-Seq in a number of bacterial species including Escherichia coli, the model pathogen Salmonella, the nitrogen-fixing alphaproteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, marine cyanobacteria, Francisella tularensis, Streptococcus pyogenes, the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, and the plant pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae. Bacterial sRNAs affect how genes are expressed within bacterial cells via interaction with mRNA or protein, and thus can affect a variety of bacterial functions like metabolism, virulence, environmental stress response, and structure.

Rsa RNAs are non-coding RNAs found in the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The shared name comes from their discovery, and does not imply homology. Bioinformatics scans identified the 16 Rsa RNA families named RsaA-K and RsaOA-OG. Others, RsaOH-OX, were found thanks to an RNomic approach. Although the RNAs showed varying expression patterns, many of the newly discovered RNAs were shown to be Hfq-independent and most carried a C-rich motif (UCCC).

CsrA protein

Carbon storage regulator A (CsrA) is an RNA binding protein. The CsrA homologs are found in most bacterial species, in the pseudomonads they are called repressor of secondary metabolites. The CsrA proteins generally bind to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of messenger RNAs and either inhibit translation or facilitate mRNA decay.

Alkb homolog 1, histone h2a dioxygenase protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

AlkB homolog 1, histone H2A dioxygenase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALKBH1 gene.

Star related lipid transfer domain containing 3 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

StAR related lipid transfer domain containing 3(STARD3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STARD3 gene. STARD3 also known as metastatic lymph node 64 protein (MLN64) is a late endosomal integral membrane protein involved in cholesterol transport. STARD3 creates membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum and late endosomes where it moves cholesterol.

References

  1. ↑ Vogel J, Bartels V, Tang TH, Churakov G, Slagter-Jäger JG, Hüttenhofer A, Wagner EG (November 2003). "RNomics in Escherichia coli detects new sRNA species and indicates parallel transcriptional output in bacteria". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (22): 6435–43. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg867. PMC   275561 . PMID   14602901.
  2. ↑ Miyakoshi M, Chao Y, Vogel J (June 2015). "Cross talk between ABC transporter mRNAs via a target mRNA-derived sponge of the GcvB small RNA". The EMBO Journal. 34 (11): 1478–92. doi:10.15252/embj.201490546. PMC   4474525 . PMID   25630703.
  3. ↑ Azam MS, Vanderpool CK (June 2015). "Talk among yourselves: RNA sponges mediate cross talk between functionally related messenger RNAs". The EMBO Journal. 34 (11): 1436–8. doi:10.15252/embj.201591492. PMC   4474520 . PMID   25916829.
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