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Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities, ordinary subject matter, unusual visual angles, and inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience. Impressionism originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s.
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin was a French Post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his experimental use of color and Synthetist style that were distinct from Impressionism. Toward the end of his life, he spent ten years in French Polynesia. The paintings from this time depict people or landscapes from that region.
Post-Impressionism was a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism. Post-Impressionism emerged as a reaction against Impressionists' concern for the naturalistic depiction of light and colour. Its broad emphasis on abstract qualities or symbolic content means Post-Impressionism encompasses Les Nabis, Neo-Impressionism, Symbolism, Cloisonnism, Pont-Aven School, as well as Synthetism, along with some later Impressionists' work. The movement's principal artists were Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh and Georges Seurat.
Émile Henri Bernard was a French Post-Impressionist painter and writer, who had artistic friendships with Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Eugène Boch, and at a later time, Paul Cézanne. Most of his notable work was accomplished at a young age, in the years 1886 through 1897. He is also associated with Cloisonnism and Synthetism, two late 19th-century art movements. Less known is Bernard's literary work, comprising plays, poetry, and art criticism as well as art historical statements that contain first-hand information on the crucial period of modern art to which Bernard had contributed.
A super-maximum security (supermax) or administrative maximum (ADX) prison is a "control-unit" prison, or a unit within prisons, which represents the most secure levels of custody in the prison systems of certain countries.
John Rewald was an American academic, author and art historian. He was known as a scholar of Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Cézanne, Renoir, Pissarro, Seurat, and other French painters of the late 19th century. He was recognized as a foremost authority on late 19th-century art. His History of Impressionism is a standard work.
Paul Durand-Ruel was a French art dealer associated with the Impressionists and the Barbizon School. Being the first to support artists such as Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir, he is known for his innovations in modernizing art markets, and is generally considered to be the most important art dealer of the 19th century. An ambitious entrepreneur, Durand-Ruel cultivated international interest in French artists by establishing art galleries and exhibitions in London, New York, Berlin, Brussels, among other places. Additionally, he played a role in the decentralization of art markets in France, which prior to the mid-19th century was monopolized by the Salon system.
Gustave Fayet was a French painter. His work is close in style to that of Paul Gauguin or Odilon Redon. He learnt to draw and paint with his father, Gabriel Fayet, and his uncle Léon Fayet, who both admired pre-impressionnist painters such as Adolphe Monticelli or Camille Corot. Gustave Fayet's style is very personal, far from impressionism or academic work, rather more symbolism. Gustave Fayet was also an art collector, he owned works by Degas, Manet, Pissarro and above all Paul Gauguin. Fayet was in fact one of Gauguin's main clients and he lent many of the paintings in his collection for the Gauguin exhibitions between 1903 and 1925. In 1908, he bought the Abbaye de Fontfroide, that he reconstructed and where he exhibited many of the paintings from his collection, among them "Day" and "Night" by Odilon Redon.
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Oviri is an 1894 ceramic sculpture by the French artist Paul Gauguin. In Tahitian mythology, Oviri was the goddess of mourning and is shown with long pale hair and wild eyes, smothering a wolf with her feet while clutching a cub in her arms. Art historians have presented multiple interpretations—usually that Gauguin intended it as an epithet to reinforce his self-image as a "civilised savage". Tahitian goddesses of her era had passed from folk memory by 1894, yet Gauguin romanticises the island's past as he reaches towards more ancient sources, including an Assyrian relief of a "master of animals" type, and Majapahit mummies. Other possible influences include preserved skulls from the Marquesas Islands, figures found at Borobudur, and a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in central Java.
Spirit of the Dead Watching is an 1892 oil on burlap canvas painting by Paul Gauguin, depicting a nude Tahitian girl lying on her stomach. An old woman is seated behind her. Gauguin said the title may refer to either the girl imagining the ghost, or the ghost imagining her.
Springtime or The Reader is an 1872 painting by the French Impressionist painter Claude Monet. It depicts his first wife, Camille Doncieux, seated reading beneath a canopy of lilacs. The painting is presently held by the Walters Art Museum.
The Cyclops is a painting by Odilon Redon that depicts the myth of the love of Polyphemus for the naiad Galatea. It was painted in oils on board, then mounted on wood, and is now in the Kröller-Müller Museum in the Netherlands. The painting has been variously dated between 1898 and 1914.
Homage to Cézanne is a painting in oil on canvas by the French artist Maurice Denis dating from 1900. It depicts a number of key figures from the once secret brotherhood of Les Nabis. The painting is a retrospective; by 1900 the group was breaking up as its members matured.
André Mellerio (1862–1943) was a French art critic who promoted the cause of Symbolism and "idealist" art and appeared in two pictures by Maurice Denis. He was the biographer, and great friend, of Odilon Redon.
Fatata te Miti is an 1892 oil painting by French artist Paul Gauguin, located in the National Gallery of Art, in Washington, DC.
Laurie Jo Reynolds is an American artist most known for her work in policy and social practice. She is a current Assistant Professor of Social Justice at the School of Art and Art History at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She was awarded a Blade of Grass Fellowship for Socially Engaged Art in 2014, a Creative Capital award for Emerging Fields in 2013, and a Creative Time Annenberg Prize in 2013. Working in what she calls "legislative art," her work primarily manifests outside the gallery or museum, though she has been included in exhibitions at the Santa Monica Museum, and the Van Abbemuseum.
A Hare and a Leg of Lamb is a 1742 painting by French Rococo painter and engraver Jean-Baptiste Oudry.
Skira Editore and Editions d'Art Albert Skira, also known as Skira, is a publishing firm founded by Albert Skira in Switzerland in 1928 and now based in Italy. The firm is known particularly for its art books of "vastly improved quality of colour reproduction".
Jacques Lassaigne was a French art historian, an art critic who served as president of the International Association of Art Critics from 1966 to 1969, and a museum curator acting as chief curator of the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris from 1971 to 1978. He was a prolific author who wrote numerous volumes of scholarly books on the subject art history, notably in collaboration with the publisher Albert Skira and his publishing house Editions D'Art Albert Skira in the 1950s and 1960s, many of which have been translated into English, Italian, German, and Spanish and published internationally. Jacques Lassaigne's books and museum exhibitions, with accompanying catalogues and essays, constitute a significant contribution to art history and have consistently been reference and cited by innumerable subsequent researchers and historians for decades.
References
- ↑ "Wartime Dispatches". CounterPunch.org. 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
- ↑ "The Cry of Nature: Art and the Making of Animal Rights". Caareviews.org. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ↑ "Stephen F. Eisenman". Animal Liberation Currents. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ↑ Chicago, Laurie Jo Reynolds; IL; USA; Chicago, Stephen F. Eisenman; IL; USA (2013-05-06). "Tamms Is Torture: The Campaign to Close an Illinois Supermax Prison". Creative Time Reports. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ↑ Francis Frascina and Jonathan Harris (1992). Art in Modern Culture. New York: Harper Collins. pp. 85–93.
- ↑ Lewis, Mary Tompkins (2007). Critical Readings in Impressionism and Post Impressionism. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 148–162.
