Susan Zolla-Pazner

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Susan Zolla-Pazner

Susan Zolla-Pazner is an American research scientist who is a Professor of Medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Microbiology at Mount Sinai School of Medicine and a guest investigator in the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology at The Rockefeller University, [1] both in New York City. Zolla-Pazner's work has focused on how the immune system responds to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and, in particular, how antibodies against the viral envelope develop in the course of infection.

In 1981, Zolla-Pazner and other researchers initially described the immunologic abnormalities afflicting homosexual men in New York City who were dying from an unknown sickness. [2] In the years since, she has examined the body's immune response to the virus. [3] She is the co-inventor on 23 patents [4] and the author of more than 325 scientific publications. [5]

Research

Zolla-Pazner’s work helped establish the central role of antibodies in protection from HIV infection. She proposed quantifying the antibodies directed at the second and third variable loops (V2 and V3) of the HIV envelope protein gp120, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] as observed in the Phase 3 RV144 clinical HIV vaccine trial, which involved 16,402 participants in Thailand. [13] Her research indicated that high levels of antibodies to the second variable region of the virus envelope protein, V2, correlated with a reduced rate of infection. [14] Antibodies to V3 were subsequently identified as an additional correlate of protection, exerting immune pressure on viruses infecting individuals who had received the vaccine. [15] Zolla-Pazner's research indicated that the search for an effective vaccine should focus not only on inducing specific types of antibodies but on eliciting a durable antibody response, as post-hoc analysis showed the levels of antibodies waned within 6 months of the last dose of the vaccine. [16] Her findings established the key role of antibodies specific for the virus envelope's variable regions in protection from HIV infection; they also validated her hypothesis that antibodies to variable regions could be protective—a highly controversial point until then.

In the early days of the AIDS epidemic, the Zolla-Pazner lab described the hyperactivation of B lymphocytes in the blood of HIV-infected individuals. [17] [18] [19] [20] This discovery led her to develop methods to generate anti-HIV human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from the blood cells of HIV-infected individuals. [6] [7] [21] Her lab isolated and described human mAbs capable of neutralizing the infectivity of the virus, [6] [21] [22] and, later, isolated a mAb with strong neutralizing potency targeting a complex conformational region on the surface of the virus' envelope protein composed of V2 and V3. [23] [24] [25] [26] This was the first isolation and description of a family of antibodies known for their extreme potency in neutralizing HIV. Her lab also described how antibodies to V2 and V3 could bind and neutralize viruses from all over the globe, despite extreme variations in amino acid sequences. [7] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]

In 1981, Zolla-Pazner participated in the description of the immunologic abnormalities of patients presenting with Kaposi’s sarcoma, which was associated with the then-mysterious illness that later became known as AIDS. [36] She initiated systemic testing to enumerate CD4 and CD8 cells and antibodies in order to diagnose HIV infection and follow the effects of treatment with antiretroviral drugs. She was also responsible for the description of immunologic abnormalities in the first patients with AIDS-related Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infections [37] and for identifying similar immunologic abnormalities in apparently healthy gay men who later developed AIDS. [38] This latter work was an early indication of the chilling reality that one-third of gay men in New York City were suffering from this fatal but as-yet-unidentified illness. In 1989, Zolla-Pazner became Director of AIDS Research at the Manhattan Veterans Administration Medical Center, [39] [40] part of the NYU School of Medicine, [41] [42] [43] [44] where she was a member of the Department of Pathology [45] for 46 years. In 2015, Zolla-Pazner moved to Mount Sinai School of Medicine.

Building on her correlation of levels of V2 antibodies with reduced infection rates in the RV144 vaccine trial, Zolla-Pazner and her colleagues have spent the last 10 years developing “designer vaccines,” i.e., V2- and V3-scaffold proteins that focus the immune response on the production of antibodies specific for these two regions of gp120. [46] [47] Studies of these recombinant vaccine constructs in both rabbits and nonhuman primates have demonstrated that they induce antibodies that react with the envelopes of diverse viruses within the various subgroups of HIV and have biologic activities that have been associated with protection from infection. [12] [48] [49]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HIV vaccine development</span> In-progress vaccinations that may prevent or treat HIV infections

An HIV vaccine is a potential vaccine that could be either a preventive vaccine or a therapeutic vaccine, which means it would either protect individuals from being infected with HIV or treat HIV-infected individuals.

<i>Feline immunodeficiency virus</i> Species of virus

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a Lentivirus that affects cats worldwide, with 2.5% to 4.4% of felines being infected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rabies virus</span> Species of virus

Rabies virus, scientific name Rabies lyssavirus, is a neurotropic virus that causes rabies in animals, including humans. Rabies transmission can occur through the saliva of animals and less commonly through contact with human saliva. Rabies lyssavirus, like many rhabdoviruses, has an extremely wide host range. In the wild it has been found infecting many mammalian species, while in the laboratory it has been found that birds can be infected, as well as cell cultures from mammals, birds, reptiles and insects. Rabies is reported in more than 150 countries and on all continents except Antarctica. The main burden of disease is reported in Asia and Africa, but some cases have been reported also in Europe in the past 10 years, especially in returning travellers.

The genome and proteins of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in 1983. "In the search for the causative agent, it was initially believed that the virus was a form of the Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), which was known at the time to affect the human immune system and cause certain leukemias. However, researchers at the Pasteur Institute in Paris isolated a previously unknown and genetically distinct retrovirus in patients with AIDS which was later named HIV." Each virion comprises a viral envelope and associated matrix enclosing a capsid, which itself encloses two copies of the single-stranded RNA genome and several enzymes. The discovery of the virus itself occurred two years following the report of the first major cases of AIDS-associated illnesses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Envelope glycoprotein GP120</span> Glycoprotein exposed on the surface of the HIV virus

Envelope glycoprotein GP120 is a glycoprotein exposed on the surface of the HIV envelope. It was discovered by Professors Tun-Hou Lee and Myron "Max" Essex of the Harvard School of Public Health in 1984. The 120 in its name comes from its molecular weight of 120 kDa. Gp120 is essential for virus entry into cells as it plays a vital role in attachment to specific cell surface receptors. These receptors are DC-SIGN, Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan and a specific interaction with the CD4 receptor, particularly on helper T-cells. Binding to CD4 induces the start of a cascade of conformational changes in gp120 and gp41 that lead to the fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane. Binding to CD4 is mainly electrostatic although there are van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gp41</span> Subunit of the envelope protein complex of retroviruses

Gp41 also known as glycoprotein 41 is a subunit of the envelope protein complex of retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Gp41 is a transmembrane protein that contains several sites within its ectodomain that are required for infection of host cells. As a result of its importance in host cell infection, it has also received much attention as a potential target for HIV vaccines.

Entry inhibitors, also known as fusion inhibitors, are a class of antiviral drugs that prevent a virus from entering a cell, for example, by blocking a receptor. Entry inhibitors are used to treat conditions such as HIV and hepatitis D.

Env is a viral gene that encodes the protein forming the viral envelope. The expression of the env gene enables retroviruses to target and attach to specific cell types, and to infiltrate the target cell membrane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antibody-dependent enhancement</span> Antibodies rarely making an infection worse instead of better

Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), sometimes less precisely called immune enhancement or disease enhancement, is a phenomenon in which binding of a virus to suboptimal antibodies enhances its entry into host cells, followed by its replication. The suboptimal antibodies can result from natural infection or from vaccination. ADE may cause enhanced respiratory disease, but is not limited to respiratory disease. It has been observed in HIV, RSV virus and Dengue virus and is monitored for in vaccine development.

CD4 immunoadhesin is a recombinant fusion protein consisting of a combination of CD4 and the fragment crystallizable region, similarly known as immunoglobulin. It belongs to the antibody (Ig) gene family. CD4 is a surface receptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The CD4 immunoadhesin molecular fusion allow the protein to possess key functions from each independent subunit. The CD4 specific properties include the gp120-binding and HIV-blocking capabilities. Properties specific to immunoglobulin are the long plasma half-life and Fc receptor binding. The properties of the protein means that it has potential to be used in AIDS therapy as of 2017. Specifically, CD4 immunoadhesin plays a role in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) towards HIV-infected cells. While natural anti-gp120 antibodies exhibit a response towards uninfected CD4-expressing cells that have a soluble gp120 bound to the CD4 on the cell surface, CD4 immunoadhesin, however, will not exhibit a response. One of the most relevant of these possibilities is its ability to cross the placenta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IFNA7</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Interferon alpha-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFNA7 gene.

<i>GBA2</i> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

GBA2 is the gene that encodes the enzyme non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase in humans. It has glucosylceramidase activity.

2F5 is a broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody (mAb) that has been shown to bind to and neutralize HIV-1 in vitro, making it a potential candidate for use in vaccine synthesis. 2F5 recognizes an epitope in the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41. 2F5 then binds to this epitope and its constant region interacts with the viral lipid membrane, which neutralizes the virus.

A neutralizing antibody (NAb) is an antibody that defends a cell from a pathogen or infectious particle by neutralizing any effect it has biologically. Neutralization renders the particle no longer infectious or pathogenic. Neutralizing antibodies are part of the humoral response of the adaptive immune system against viruses, intracellular bacteria and microbial toxin. By binding specifically to surface structures (antigen) on an infectious particle, neutralizing antibodies prevent the particle from interacting with its host cells it might infect and destroy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IFNA16</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Interferon alpha-16, also known as IFN-alpha-16, is a protein that in humans is encoded by theIFNA16 gene.

Gary J. Nabel is an American virologist and immunologist who is President and chief executive officer of ModeX Therapeutics in Natick, Massachusetts. He was the founding director of Vaccine Research Center at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

Intrastructural help (ISH) is where T and B cells cooperate to help or suppress an immune response gene. ISH has proven effective for the treatment of influenza, rabies related lyssavirus, hepatitis B, and the HIV virus. This process was used in 1979 to observe that T cells specific to the influenza virus could promote the stimulation of hemagglutinin specific B cells and elicit an effective humoral immune response. It was later applied to the lyssavirus and was shown to protect raccoons from lethal challenge. The ISH principle is especially beneficial because relatively invariable structural antigens can be used for the priming of T-cells to induce humoral immune response against variable surface antigens. Thus, the approach has also transferred well for the treatment of hepatitis B and HIV.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bette Korber</span> American computational biologist

Bette Korber is an American computational biologist focusing on the molecular biology and population genetics of the HIV virus that causes infection and eventually AIDS. She has contributed heavily to efforts to obtain an effective HIV vaccine. She created a database at Los Alamos National Laboratory that has enabled her to design novel mosaic HIV vaccines, one of which is currently in human testing in Africa. The database contains thousands of HIV genome sequences and related data.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hanneke Schuitemaker</span> Dutch virologist and researcher (born 1964)

Hanneke Schuitemaker is a Dutch virologist, the Global Head of Viral Vaccine Discovery and Translational Medicine at Johnson & Johnson's Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, and a Professor of Virology at the Amsterdam University Medical Centers of the University of Amsterdam. She has been involved in the development of Janssen's Ebola vaccine and is involved in the development of a universal flu vaccine, HIV vaccine, RSV vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine.

Catherine Blish is a translational immunologist and professor at Stanford University. Her lab works on clinical immunology and focuses primarily on the role of the innate immune system in fighting infectious diseases like HIV, dengue fever, and influenza. Her immune cell biology work characterizes the biology and action of Natural Killer (NK) cells and macrophages.

References

  1. ↑ "Mount Sinai Profiles". Mount Sinai.
  2. ↑ "LaGuardia and Wagner Archives, Koch Oral History Collection- Koch Scholars interview, Dr. Michael Simberkoff_04-07-2015" (PDF). La Guardia and Wagner Archives (Koch Oral History Collection, Koch Scholars interview). April 7, 2015. p. 3. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
  3. ↑ Miley, Marissa (2012-10-15). "Susan-Zolla Pazner is an antibody person". AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  4. ↑ "Wipo Publishes Patent of New York University School of Medicine, Timothy Cardozo, Kong Xiangpeng and Susan Zolla-Pazner for "Peptides Mimicking HIV-1 Viral Epitopes in the V2 Loop for the Gp120 Surface Envelope Glycoprotein" (American Inventors)". HighBeam Research. US Fed News Service, Including US State New. News Wire. March 25, 2013. Archived from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
  5. ↑ "Susan Zolla-Pazner - Google Scholar". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
  6. 1 2 3 Gorny, M. K.; Xu, J. Y.; Gianakakos, V.; Karwowska, S.; Williams, C.; Sheppard, H. W.; Hanson, C. V.; Zolla-Pazner, S. (1991-04-15). "Production of site-selected neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against the third variable domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 88 (8): 3238–3242. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.3238G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.8.3238 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   51421 . PMID   2014246.
  7. 1 2 3 Gorny, MK; Moore, JP; Conley, A J; Karwowska, S; Sodroski, J; Williams, C; Burda, S; Boots, LJ; Zolla-Pazner, S (1994-12-01). "Human anti-V2 monoclonal antibody that neutralizes primary but not laboratory isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1". J Virol. 68 (12): 8312–8320. doi:10.1128/JVI.68.12.8312-8320.1994. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   237300 . PMID   7525987.
  8. ↑ Pinter, A; Honnen, WJ; He, Y; Gorny, MK; Zolla-Pazner, S; Kayman, SC (2004-05-01). "The V1/V2 domain of gp120 is a global regulator of the sensitivity of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates to neutralization by antibodies commonly induced upon infection". J Virol. 78 (10): 5205–5215. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.10.5205-5215.2004. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   400352 . PMID   15113902.
  9. ↑ Burke, V; Williams, C; Sukumaran, M; Kim, S-S; Li, H; Wang, XH; Gorny, MK; Zolla-Pazner, S; Kong, X-P (2009-11-11). "Structural basis of the cross-reactivity of genetically related human anti-HIV-1 mAbs: implications for design of V3-based immunogens". Structure. 17 (11): 1538–1546. doi:10.1016/j.str.2009.09.012. ISSN   1878-4186. PMC   3683248 . PMID   19913488.
  10. ↑ Jiang, X; Burke, V; Totrov, M; Williams, C; Cardozo, T; Gorny, MK; Zolla-Pazner, S; Kong, X-P (2010). "Conserved structural elements in the V3 crown of HIV-1 gp120". Nat Struct Mol Biol. 17 (8): 955–961. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.1861 . PMID   20622876. S2CID   23441848.
  11. ↑ Pan, R; Gorny, MK; Zolla-Pazner, S; Kong, X-P (2015-08-01). "The V1V2 Region of HIV-1 gp120 Forms a Five-Stranded Beta Barrel". J Virol. 89 (15): 8003–8010. doi:10.1128/JVI.00754-15. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   4505664 . PMID   26018158.
  12. 1 2 Zolla-Pazner, S; Cohen, SS; Boyd, D; Kong, X-P; Seaman, M; Nussenzweig, M; Klein, F; Overbaugh, J; Totrov, M (2015-10-21). "Structure/Function Studies Involving the V3 Region of the HIV-1 Envelope Delineate Multiple Factors That Affect Neutralization Sensitivity". J Virol. 90 (2): 636–649. doi:10.1128/JVI.01645-15. ISSN   1098-5514. PMC   4702699 . PMID   26491157.
  13. ↑ Rerks-Ngarm, S; Pitisuttithum, P; Nitayaphan, S; Kaewkungwal, J; Chiu, J; Paris, R; Premsri, N; Namwat, C; de Souza, M (2009-12-03). "Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to Prevent HIV-1 Infection in Thailand". N Engl J Med. 361 (23): 2209–2220. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0908492 . ISSN   0028-4793. PMID   19843557. S2CID   4356367.
  14. ↑ Haynes, Barton F.; Gilbert, Peter B.; McElrath, M. Juliana; Zolla-Pazner, Susan; Tomaras, Georgia D.; Alam, S. Munir; Evans, David T.; Montefiori, David C.; Karnasuta, Chitraporn (2012). "Immune-correlates analysis of an HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial". The New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (14): 1275–1286. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1113425. ISSN   1533-4406. PMC   3371689 . PMID   22475592.
  15. ↑ Gottardo, Raphael; Bailer, Robert T.; Korber, Bette T.; Gnanakaran, S.; Phillips, Joshua; Shen, Xiaoying; Tomaras, Georgia D.; Turk, Ellen; Imholte, Gregory; Eckler, Larry; Wenschuh, Holger; Zerweck, Johannes; Greene, Kelli; Gao, Hongmei; Berman, Phillip W.; Francis, Donald; Sinangil, Faruk; Lee, Carter; Nitayaphan, Sorachai; Rerks-Ngarm, Supachai; Kaewkungwal, Jaranit; Pitisuttithum, Punnee; Tartaglia, James; Robb, Merlin L.; Michael, Nelson L.; Kim, Jerome H.; Zolla-Pazner, Susan; Haynes, Barton F.; Mascola, John R.; Self, Steve; Gilbert, Peter; Montefiori, David C. (2013). "Plasma IgG to linear epitopes in the V2 and V3 regions of HIV-1 gp120 correlate with a reduced risk of infection in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75665. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875665G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075665 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3784573 . PMID   24086607.
  16. ↑ Karasavvas, N; Billings, E; Rao, M; Williams, C; Zolla-Pazner, S; Bailer, RT; Koup, RA; Madnote, S; Arworn, D (2012-11-01). "The Thai Phase III HIV Type 1 Vaccine trial (RV144) regimen induces antibodies that target conserved regions within the V2 loop of gp120". AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 28 (11): 1444–1457. doi:10.1089/aid.2012.0103. ISSN   1931-8405. PMC   3484815 . PMID   23035746.
  17. ↑ Zolla-Pazner, Susan; Sidhu, G, eds. (1983). The possible pathogenic role of hyperactive B lymphocytes in AIDS. New York, NY: A Friedman Kien Masson Publications.
  18. ↑ Mizuma, H.; Zolla-Pazner, S.; Litwin, S.; el-Sadr, W.; Sharpe, S.; Zehr, B.; Weiss, S.; Saxinger, W. C.; Marmor, M. (1987-04-01). "Serum IgD elevation is an early marker of B cell activation during infection with the human immunodeficiency viruses". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 68 (1): 5–14. ISSN   0009-9104. PMC   1542677 . PMID   3498566.
  19. ↑ Mizuma, H.; Litwin, S.; Zolla-Pazner, S. (1988-03-01). "B-cell activation in HIV infection: relationship of spontaneous immunoglobulin secretion to various immunological parameters". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 71 (3): 410–416. ISSN   0009-9104. PMC   1541680 . PMID   3260155.
  20. ↑ Edelman, A. S.; Zolla-Pazner, S. (1989-01-01). "AIDS: a syndrome of immune dysregulation, dysfunction, and deficiency". FASEB Journal. 3 (1): 22–30. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.3.1.2562947 . ISSN   0892-6638. PMID   2562947. S2CID   21021109.
  21. 1 2 Gorny, M. K.; Gianakakos, V.; Sharpe, S.; Zolla-Pazner, S. (1989-03-01). "Generation of human monoclonal antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (5): 1624–1628. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.1624G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.5.1624 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   286751 . PMID   2922401.
  22. ↑ Conley, A. J.; Gorny, M. K.; Kessler, J. A.; Boots, L. J.; Ossorio-Castro, M.; Koenig, S.; Lineberger, D. W.; Emini, E. A.; Williams, C; Zolla-Pazner, S (1994). "Neutralization of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates by the broadly reactive anti-V3 monoclonal antibody, 447-52D". Journal of Virology. 68 (11): 6994–7000. doi:10.1128/JVI.68.11.6994-7000.1994. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   237136 . PMID   7933081.
  23. ↑ Gorny, Miroslaw K.; Stamatatos, Leonidas; Volsky, Barbara; Revesz, Kathy; Williams, Constance; Wang, Xiao-Hong; Cohen, Sandra; Staudinger, Robert; Zolla-Pazner, Susan (2005-04-01). "Identification of a new quaternary neutralizing epitope on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virus particles". Journal of Virology. 79 (8): 5232–5237. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.8.5232-5237.2005. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   1069558 . PMID   15795308.
  24. ↑ Honnen, W. J.; Krachmarov, C.; Kayman, S. C.; Gorny, M. K.; Zolla-Pazner, S.; Pinter, A. (February 1, 2001). "Type-specific epitopes targeted by monoclonal antibodies with exceptionally potent neutralizing activities for selected strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 map to a common region of the V2 domain of gp120 and differ only at single positions from the clade B consensus sequence". J Virol. 81 (3): 1424–1432. doi:10.1128/JVI.02054-06. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   1797533 . PMID   17121806.
  25. ↑ Changela, Anita; Wu, Xueling; Yang, Yongping; Zhang, Baoshan; Zhu, Jiang; Nardone, Glenn A.; O'Dell, Sijy; Pancera, Marie; Gorny, Miroslaw K; Zolla-Pazner, S; Mascola, JR; Kwong, PD (2011-03-01). "Crystal structure of human antibody 2909 reveals conserved features of quaternary structure-specific antibodies that potently neutralize HIV-1". Journal of Virology. 85 (6): 2524–2535. doi:10.1128/JVI.02335-10. ISSN   1098-5514. PMC   67962 . PMID   21191009.
  26. ↑ Wu, Xueling; Changela, Anita; O'Dell, Sijy; Schmidt, Stephen D.; Pancera, Marie; Yang, Yongping; Zhang, Baoshan; Gorny, Miroslaw K.; Phogat, Sanjay; Robinson, James E.; Stamatatos, Leonidas; Zolla-Pazner, Susan; Kwong, Peter D.; Mascola, John R. (2011-05-01). "Immunotypes of a Quaternary Site of HIV-1 Vulnerability and Their Recognition by Antibodies". Journal of Virology. 85 (9): 4578–4585. doi:10.1128/JVI.02585-10. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   3126226 . PMID   21325411.
  27. ↑ Gorny, M. K.; VanCott, T. C.; Hioe, C.; Israel, Z. R.; Michael, N. L.; Conley, A. J.; Williams, C.; Kessler, J. A.; Chigurupati, P.; Burda, S.; Zolla-Pazner, S. (1997-11-15). "Human monoclonal antibodies to the V3 loop of HIV-1 with intra- and interclade cross-reactivity". Journal of Immunology. 159 (10): 5114–5122. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.159.10.5114 . ISSN   0022-1767. PMID   9366441. S2CID   20610847.
  28. ↑ Gorny, M. K.; Mascola, J. R.; Israel, Z. R.; VanCott, T. C.; Williams, C.; Balfe, P.; Hioe, C.; Brodine, S.; Burda, S.; Zolla-Pazner, S. (1998-02-10). "A human monoclonal antibody specific for the V3 loop of HIV type 1 clade E cross-reacts with other HIV type 1 clades". AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 14 (3): 213–221. doi:10.1089/aid.1998.14.213. ISSN   0889-2229. PMID   9491911.
  29. ↑ Nyambi, P. N.; Gorny, M. K.; Bastiani, L.; van der Groen, G.; Williams, C.; Zolla-Pazner, S. (1998-11-01). "Mapping of epitopes exposed on intact human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions: a new strategy for studying the immunologic relatedness of HIV-1". Journal of Virology. 72 (11): 9384–9391. doi:10.1128/JVI.72.11.9384-9391.1998. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   110366 . PMID   9765494.
  30. ↑ Nyambi, P. N.; Mbah, H. A.; Burda, S.; Williams, C.; Gorny, M. K.; Nádas, A.; Zolla-Pazner, S. (2000-08-01). "Conserved and exposed epitopes on intact, native, primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions of group M". Journal of Virology. 74 (15): 7096–7107. doi:10.1128/JVI.74.15.7096-7107.2000. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   112228 . PMID   10888650.
  31. ↑ Gorny, MK; Williams, C; Volsky, B; Revesz, K; Cohen, S; Polonis, Victoria R.; Honnen, WJ; Kayman, SC; Krachmarov, C; Pinter, A; Zolla-Pazner, S (2002-09-01). "Human monoclonal antibodies specific for conformation-sensitive epitopes of V3 neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates from various clades". Journal of Virology. 76 (18): 9035–9045. doi:10.1128/JVI.76.18.9035-9045.2002. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   136433 . PMID   12186887.
  32. ↑ Gorny, Miroslaw K.; Williams, Constance; Volsky, Barbara; Revesz, Kathy; Wang, Xiao-Hong; Burda, Sherri; Kimura, Tetsuya; Konings, Frank A. J.; Nádas, Arthur; Anyangwe, CA; Nyambi, P; Krachmarov, C; Pinter, A; Zolla-Pazner, S (2006-07-01). "Cross-clade neutralizing activity of human anti-V3 monoclonal antibodies derived from the cells of individuals infected with non-B clades of human immunodeficiency virus type 1". Journal of Virology. 80 (14): 6865–6872. doi:10.1128/JVI.02202-05. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   1489067 . PMID   16809292.
  33. ↑ Hioe, Catarina E.; Wrin, Terri; Seaman, Michael S.; Yu, Xuesong; Wood, Blake; Self, Steve; Williams, Constance; Gorny, Miroslaw K.; Zolla-Pazner, Susan (2010-04-21). "Anti-V3 monoclonal antibodies display broad neutralizing activities against multiple HIV-1 subtypes". PLOS ONE. 5 (4): e10254. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510254H. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010254 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   2858080 . PMID   20421997.
  34. ↑ Gorny, Miroslaw K.; Pan, Ruimin; Williams, Constance; Wang, Xiao-Hong; Volsky, Barbara; O'Neal, Timothy; Spurrier, Brett; Sampson, Jared M.; Li, Liuzhe; Kong, XP; Zolla-Pazner, Susan (2012-06-05). "Functional and immunochemical cross-reactivity of V2-specific monoclonal antibodies from HIV-1-infected individuals". Virology. 427 (2): 198–207. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2012.02.003. ISSN   1096-0341. PMC   3572902 . PMID   22402248.
  35. ↑ deCamp, Allan; Hraber, Peter; Bailer, Robert T.; Seaman, Michael S.; Ochsenbauer, Christina; Kappes, John; Gottardo, Raphael; Edlefsen, Paul; Self, Steve; Tang, H; Greene, K; Gao, H; Daniell, X; Sarzotti-Kelsoe, M; Gorny, MK; Zolla-Pazner, S; LaBranche, CC; Mascola, JR; Korber, BT; Montefiori, CD (2014-03-01). "Global panel of HIV-1 Env reference strains for standardized assessments of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies". Journal of Virology. 88 (5): 2489–2507. doi:10.1128/JVI.02853-13. ISSN   1098-5514. PMC   3958090 . PMID   24352443.
  36. ↑ Friedman-Kien, A. E.; Laubenstein, L. J.; Rubinstein, P.; Buimovici-Klein, E.; Marmor, M.; Stahl, R.; Spigland, I.; Kim, K. S.; Zolla-Pazner, S. (1982-06-01). "Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men". Annals of Internal Medicine. 96 (6 Pt 1): 693–700. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-96-6-693. ISSN   0003-4819. PMID   6283973.
  37. ↑ Greene, J. B.; Sidhu, G. S.; Lewin, S.; Levine, J. F.; Masur, H.; Simberkoff, M. S.; Nicholas, P.; Good, R. C.; Zolla-Pazner, S. B. (1982-10-01). "Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare: a cause of disseminated life-threatening infection in homosexuals and drug abusers". Annals of Internal Medicine. 97 (4): 539–546. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-97-4-539. ISSN   0003-4819. PMID   6289714.
  38. ↑ Stahl, R. E.; Friedman-Kien, A.; Dubin, R.; Marmor, M.; Zolla-Pazner, S. (1982-08-01). "Immunologic abnormalities in homosexual men. Relationship to Kaposi's sarcoma". The American Journal of Medicine. 73 (2): 171–178. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(82)90174-7. ISSN   0002-9343. PMID   7114072.
  39. ↑ System, VA NY Harbor Healthcare. "VA NY Harbor Health Care System". www.nyharbor.va.gov. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
  40. ↑ "Employee Profile of Susan B. Zolla-Pazner — Microbiologist". www.federalpay.org. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
  41. ↑ Developing an AIDS Vaccine - Charlie Rose , retrieved 2017-03-30
  42. ↑ Zolla-Pazner, Susan (March 2004). "Nature.com". Nature Reviews Immunology. 4 (3): 199–210. doi:10.1038/nri1307. PMC   7097025 . PMID   15039757.
  43. ↑ Carey, Benedict (November 5, 2012). "A Collective Effort to Save Decades of Research as the Water Tose". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
  44. ↑ "VA-NYU scientist leads $8.4-million effort toward AIDS vaccine" (PDF). VA Research Currents. September 2006. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
  45. ↑ "Susan-Zolla Pazner is an antibody person". AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society. 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
  46. ↑ Totrov, Maxim; Jiang, Xunqing; Kong, Xiang-Peng; Cohen, Sandra; Krachmarov, Chavdar; Salomon, Aidy; Williams, Constance; Seaman, Michael S.; Abagyan, Ruben; Cardozo, T; Gorny, MK; Wang, S; Lu, S; Pinter, A; Zolla-Pazner, S (2010-09-30). "Structure-guided design and immunological characterization of immunogens presenting the HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop on a CTB scaffold". Virology. 405 (2): 513–523. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2010.06.027. ISSN   1096-0341. PMC   2942080 . PMID   20663531.
  47. ↑ Spurrier, Brett; Sampson, Jared M.; Totrov, Maxim; Li, Huiguang; O'Neal, Timothy; Williams, Constance; Robinson, James; Gorny, Miroslaw K.; Zolla-Pazner, Susan (2011-05-11). "Structural analysis of human and macaque mAbs 2909 and 2.5B: implications for the configuration of the quaternary neutralizing epitope of HIV-1 gp120". Structure. 19 (5): 691–699. doi:10.1016/j.str.2011.02.012. ISSN   1878-4186. PMC   3096878 . PMID   21565703.
  48. ↑ Zolla-Pazner, Susan; Kong, X.-P.; Jiang, Xunqing; Cardozo, Timothy; Nádas, Arthur; Cohen, Sandra; Totrov, Maxim; Seaman, Michael S.; Wang, Shixia (2011-10-01). "Cross-clade HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies induced with V3-scaffold protein immunogens following priming with gp120 DNA". Journal of Virology. 85 (19): 9887–9898. doi:10.1128/JVI.05086-11. ISSN   1098-5514. PMC   3196418 . PMID   21795338.
  49. ↑ Zolla-Pazner, Susan; Powell, Rebecca; Yahyaei, Sara; Williams, Constance; Jiang, Xunqing; Li, Wei; Lu, Shan; Wang, Shixia; Upadhyay, Chitra (2016-12-15). "Rationally Designed Vaccines Targeting the V2 Region of HIV-1 gp120 Induce a Focused, Cross-Clade-Reactive, Biologically Functional Antibody Response". Journal of Virology. 90 (24): 10993–11006. doi:10.1128/JVI.01403-16. ISSN   1098-5514. PMC   5126359 . PMID   27630234.
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