Suharto or Soeharto;8 June 1921 –27 January 2008) was an Indonesian army officer and politician,who served as the second and the longest serving president of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a military dictator by international observers,Suharto led Indonesia as an authoritarian regime from the fall of his predecessor Sukarno in 1967 until his resignation in 1998 following nationwide unrest. His 32-year dictatorship is considered one of the most brutal and corrupt of the 20th century.
Abdurrahman Wahid,though more colloquially known as Gus Dur,was an Indonesian politician and Islamic religious leader who served as the 4th president of Indonesia,from his election in 1999 until his removal from power in 2001. A long time leader within the Nahdlatul Ulama organization,he was the founder of the National Awakening Party (PKB). He was the son of Minister of Religious Affairs Wahid Hasyim,and the grandson of Nahdatul Ulama founder Hasyim Asy'ari. He had a visual impairment caused by glaucoma;he was blind on the left eye and partially blind on his right eye. He was the first and as of 2023 the only president of Indonesia to have had physical disabilities.
Abu Bakar Ba'asyir also known as Abu Bakar Bashir,Abdus Somad,and Ustad Abu is an Indonesian Muslim cleric and leader of Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid.
The Berkeley Mafia was the term given to a group of University of California-trained economists in Indonesia who were given technocratic positions under the Suharto dictatorship during the late 1960s. They were appointed in the early stages of the New Order administration. Their work focused on promoting free-market capitalism in Indonesia and reversing many of the progressive economic reforms that had been introduced by the Sukarno government. The economic system in place under the New Order regime was termed crony capitalism due to the vast corruption within the country throughout this period. The Berkeley Mafia,like the Suharto dictatorship itself,aligned with the United States during the Cold War.
Indonesia's transition to the New Order in the mid-1960s ousted the country's first president,Sukarno,after 22 years in the position. One of the most tumultuous periods in the country's modern history,it was the commencement of Suharto's 31-year presidency.
Hutomo Mandala Putra,commonly known as Tommy Suharto,is an Indonesian businessman and politician. The youngest son of Suharto,the second President of Indonesia,he has long had a reputation for nepotism,corruption,and being a playboy. He gained notoriety for commissioning the murder of a judge who convicted him of corruption. He was convicted of murder in 2002 and sentenced to 15 years in jail,but was released in under four years.
The Post-Suharto era is the contemporary history in Indonesia,which began with the resignation of authoritarian president Suharto on 21 May 1998. Since his resignation,the country has been in a period of transition known as the Reform era. This period has been characterised by a more open political-social environment and grassroots economic improvement.
Yusril Ihza Mahendra is an Indonesian lawyer,politician and academic,who is currently serving as the leader of the Crescent Star Party (PBB) since 2015. Previously,he served as the leader of the PBB from 1998 until 2005,Minister of Justice and Human Rights from 2004 until 2007,and member of the People's Representative Council from 1999 until 2009.
The Seventh Development Cabinet was the Indonesian Cabinet which served under President Suharto and Vice President B. J. Habibie from 16 March 1998 to 21 May 1998.
The Sixth Development Cabinet was the Indonesian Cabinet which served under President Suharto and Vice President Try Sutrisno from March 1993 until March 1998. The Cabinet was formed after Suharto was elected to a 6th term as President by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).
Boediono;born 25 February 1943) is an Indonesian economist and statesman. He was the 11th vice president of Indonesia,in office from 2009 to 2014. He became vice president after winning the 2009 presidential election together with the then-incumbent President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Prior to this he had been the Governor of the Indonesian Central Bank and a professor of economics at Gadjah Mada University.
J. Soedradjad Djiwandono is an Indonesian economist who was the Governor of Bank Indonesia,the nation's central bank,from 1993 until his sudden dismissal in 1998.
Prof. Dr. Widjojo Nitisastro was an Indonesian economist,who was known as the main architect of the Indonesian economy during the New Order regime of president Suharto,serving as Minister for National Development (1971–1983) and Coordinating Minister for Economy,Finance and Industry (1973–1983). He was one of Indonesia's best-known and most respected economic policy-makers,both within Indonesia and overseas.
While hard data on corruption is difficult to collect,corruption in Indonesia is clearly seen through public opinion,collated through surveys as well as observation of how each system runs.
Prof. Dr. Ali Wardhana,more colloquially known as Bung Ali,was an Indonesian professor and economist,who served as the third Coordinating Minister for Economics,Finance,Industry,and Development of Indonesia from 1983 until 1988 and the 21st minister of finance of Indonesia from 1968 until 1983. He was one of Indonesia's most senior economic policy-makers during the New Order regime of president Suharto,being a member of the influential Berkeley Mafia,a group of American educated Indonesian economists who shaped the Indonesian economy during the New Order. He was the longest serving Minister of Finance,as well as the fifth longest serving minister in Indonesian history.
The Bank Bali scandal occurred in Indonesia in 1999 when Golkar Party officials colluded with the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA) to coerce Bank Bali chief Rudy Ramli to pay an illegal commission of Rp546 billion to private company Era Giat Prima in order to collect Rp904.6 billion owed by two banks taken over by IBRA. Part of the funds were used to support then-president B.J. Habibie's re-election bid,but his accountability speech was rejected by the nation's top legislative body after the scandal broke. The scandal was widely referred to as Baligate. Most of those involved,including Golkar officials and Habibie aides,were either acquitted or not even prosecuted.
Achmad Arnold Baramuli was an Indonesian prosecutor,politician and businessman. His highest position was chairman of the Supreme Advisory Council over 1998 to 1999 under President B.J. Habibie. A key vote-winner for Golkar Party,Baramuli was involved in the 1999 Bank Bali scandal that contributed to Habibie's failure to win re-election.
Ulung Sitepu was an Indonesian general and politician who served as the governor of North Sumatra from 1963 until 1965. Following the 30 September Movement,he was arrested and accused of supporting the movement. He was sentenced to death,but the sentence was later reduced to life imprisonment.
Subiakto Tjakrawerdaya was an Indonesian politician who served as the minister of cooperatives and small business in Suharto's sixth and seventh cabinets from 1993 until 1998.
Bambang Subianto was an Indonesian academic and technocrat who served as Minister of Finance from 1998 to 1999. Before assuming the post of finance minister,Bambang worked in the Department of Finance for about a decade.
