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In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero. Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which microscopic quantum mechanical phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference, become apparent macroscopically.
Laser cooling includes a number of techniques in which atoms, molecules, and small mechanical systems are cooled, often approaching temperatures near absolute zero. Laser cooling techniques rely on the fact that when an object absorbs and re-emits a photon its momentum changes. For an ensemble of particles, their thermodynamic temperature is proportional to the variance in their velocity. That is, more homogeneous velocities among particles corresponds to a lower temperature. Laser cooling techniques combine atomic spectroscopy with the aforementioned mechanical effect of light to compress the velocity distribution of an ensemble of particles, thereby cooling the particles.
In physics, a Tonks–Girardeau gas is a Bose gas in which the repulsive interactions between bosonic particles confined to one dimension dominate the system's physics. It is named after physicists Marvin D. Girardeau and Lewi Tonks. It is not a Bose–Einstein condensate as it does not demonstrate any of the necessary characteristics, such as off-diagonal long-range order or a unitary two-body correlation function, even in a thermodynamic limit and as such cannot be described by a macroscopically occupied orbital in the Gross–Pitaevskii formulation.
Wolfgang Ketterle is a German physicist and professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His research has focused on experiments that trap and cool atoms to temperatures close to absolute zero, and he led one of the first groups to realize Bose–Einstein condensation in these systems in 1995. For this achievement, as well as early fundamental studies of condensates, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001, together with Eric Allin Cornell and Carl Wieman.
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In condensed matter physics, an ultracold atom is an atom with a temperature near absolute zero. At such temperatures, an atom's quantum-mechanical properties become important.
In experimental physics, a magnetic trap is an apparatus which uses a magnetic field gradient to trap neutral particles with magnetic moments. Although such traps have been employed for many purposes in physics research, they are best known as the last stage in cooling atoms to achieve Bose–Einstein condensation. The magnetic trap was first proposed by David E. Pritchard.
In particle physics hexaquarks, alternatively known as sexaquarks, are a large family of hypothetical particles, each particle consisting of six quarks or antiquarks of any flavours. Six constituent quarks in any of several combinations could yield a colour charge of zero; for example a hexaquark might contain either six quarks, resembling two baryons bound together, or three quarks and three antiquarks. Once formed, dibaryons are predicted to be fairly stable by the standards of particle physics.
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Bose–Einstein condensation can occur in quasiparticles, particles that are effective descriptions of collective excitations in materials. Some have integer spins and can be expected to obey Bose–Einstein statistics like traditional particles. Conditions for condensation of various quasiparticles have been predicted and observed. The topic continues to be an active field of study.
Spin squeezing is a quantum process that decreases the variance of one of the angular momentum components in an ensemble of particles with a spin. The quantum states obtained are called spin squeezed states. Such states have been proposed for quantum metrology, to allow a better precision for estimating a rotation angle than classical interferometers. Recently, it was shown that these states cannot provide a better precision.
A Rydberg polaron is an exotic state of matter, created at low temperatures, in which a very large atom contains other ordinary atoms in the space between the nucleus and the electrons. For the formation of this atom, scientists had to combine two fields of atomic physics: Bose–Einstein condensates and Rydberg atoms. Rydberg atoms are formed by exciting a single atom into a high-energy state, in which the electron is very far from the nucleus. Bose–Einstein condensates are a state of matter that is produced at temperatures close to absolute zero.
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The Penning–Malmberg trap, named after Frans Penning and John Malmberg, is an electromagnetic device used to confine large numbers of charged particles of a single sign of charge. Much interest in Penning–Malmberg (PM) traps arises from the fact that if the density of particles is large and the temperature is low, the gas will become a single-component plasma. While confinement of electrically neutral plasmas is generally difficult, single-species plasmas can be confined for long times in PM traps. They are the method of choice to study a variety of plasma phenomena. They are also widely used to confine antiparticles such as positrons and antiprotons for use in studies of the properties of antimatter and interactions of antiparticles with matter.
Vladimir Kocharovsky is a Russian physicist, academic and researcher. He is a Head of the Astrophysics and Space Plasma Physics Department at the Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a professor at N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod.
Tin-Lun "Jason" Ho is a Chinese-American theoretical physicist, specializing in condensed matter theory, quantum gases, and Bose-Einstein condensates. He is known for the Mermin-Ho relation.
Quantum turbulence involves the chaotic dynamics of many interacting quantum vortices. In highly excited bulk superfluid, many vortex lines interact with each other forming quantum turbulent states. By introducing tight confinement along one direction the Kelvin wave excitations can be strongly suppressed, favouring vortex alignment with the axis of tight confinement. Vortex dynamics enters a regime of effective 2D motion, equivalent to point vortices moving on a plane. In general, 2D quantum turbulence (2DQT) can exhibit complex phenomenology involving coupled vortices and sound in compressible superfluids. The quantum vortex dynamics can exhibit signatures of turbulence including a Kolmogorov −5/3 power law, a quantum manifestation of the inertial transport of energy to large scales observed in classical fluids, known as an inverse energy cascade.
References
- ↑ "Sympathetic Cooling of Complex M". Archived from the original on 2020-09-05. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ↑ Schiller, S.; Lämmerzahl, C. (2003). "Molecular dynamics simulation of sympathetic crystallization of molecular ions". Phys. Rev. A. 68 (5): 053406. arXiv: quant-ph/0309117 . Bibcode:2003PhRvA..68e3406S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.68.053406. S2CID 44035654.
- ↑ Myatt, C. J.; Burt, E. A.; Ghrist, R. W.; Cornell, E. A.; Wieman, C. E. (1997). "Production of Two Overlapping Bose-Einstein Condensates by Sympathetic Cooling". Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (4): 586–9. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..78..586M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.586.
- Phillip F. Schewe; Ben Stein (January 8, 1997). "Physics News Update". The AIP Bulleting of Physics News. Archived from the original on 2004-06-06.
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