T-12 Cloudmaker

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T-12 Cloudmaker General Purpose bomb
T-12 Cloudmaker at USAF Armament Museum.jpg
T-12 casing at the Air Force Armament Museum, Florida
Type Earthquake bomb
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service1949 - 1958
Used by United States Air Force
WarsNone
Production history
Designed1944
Produced1944–1948
Specifications
Mass44,000 lb (20,000 kg)
Filling Tritonal
Filling weight8,000 kg (18,000 lb)
Blast yield9.44 t (9.29 long tons; 10.41 short tons) TNT equivalent

The T-12 (also known as Cloudmaker) earthquake bomb was developed by the United States from 1944 to 1948 and deployed until the withdrawal of the Convair B-36 Peacemaker bomber aircraft in 1958. It was one of a small class of bombs designed to attack targets invulnerable to conventional "soft" bombs, such as bunkers and viaducts. It achieved this by having an extremely thick, hardened nose section designed to penetrate deeply into the earth before exploding and then damage the target by the resulting shock wave.

Contents

Development

The T-12 was a further development of the concept initiated with the United Kingdom's Tallboy and Grand Slam weapons developed by British aeronautical engineer Barnes Wallis during the Second World War: a hardened, highly aerodynamic bomb of the greatest possible weight designed to be dropped from the highest possible altitude. Penetrating deeply in the earth before exploding, the resulting shock wave was transmitted through the earth into targets. The resulting underground cavity and ground motion [1] could also undermine structures. The bomb could also be used against hardened targets. These types of bombs can reach supersonic speeds and have tail fins designed to spin the bomb for greater accuracy.

Originally designed to meet a 42,000 lb (19,000 kg) target weight (one half of the maximum payload for the Convair B-36 "Peacemaker" bomber), with its hardened case the bomb weighed slightly less than 43,000 lb (19,500 kg). The final T-12 weighed 43,600 lb (19,800 kg). This was twice the size of the United States' previous largest bomb, the 22,000 lb (10,000 kg) M110 (T-14), the American-built version of the British Grand Slam. The T-12 was not a simple scale up of the M110, but incorporated modifications based on testing and calculations. The B-36 was redesigned so it could carry the T-12, although a converted B-29 Superfortress was used for testing.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Li, J.C.; Ma, G.W. (19 May 2010). "An analytical study to predict underground explosion-induced ground motion". In Zhao, Jian; Labiouse, Vincent; Dudt, Jean-Paul; Mathier, Jean-Francois (eds.). Rock Mechanics in Civil and Environmental Engineering. CRC Press. p. 305. ISBN   978-0-203-84069-6 . Retrieved 27 April 2017.
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