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In immunology, seroconversion is the development of specific antibodies in the blood serum as a result of infection or immunization, including vaccination. During infection or immunization, antigens enter the blood, and the immune system begins to produce antibodies in response. Before seroconversion, the antigen itself may or may not be detectable, but the antibody is absent. During seroconversion, the antibody is present but not yet detectable. After seroconversion, the antibody is detectable by standard techniques and remains detectable unless the individual seroreverts, in a phenomenon called seroreversion, or loss of antibody detectability, which can occur due to weakening of the immune system or decreasing antibody concentrations over time. Seroconversion refers the production of specific antibodies against specific antigens, meaning that a single infection could cause multiple waves of seroconversion against different antigens. Similarly, a single antigen could cause multiple waves of seroconversion with different classes of antibodies. For example, most antigens prompt seroconversion for the IgM class of antibodies first, and subsequently the IgG class.
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Jason S. McLellan is a structural biologist, professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Robert A. Welch Chair in Chemistry at The University of Texas at Austin who specializes in understanding the structure and function of viral proteins, including those of coronaviruses. His research focuses on applying structural information to the rational design of vaccines and other therapies for viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). McLellan and his team collaborated with researchers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases’ Vaccine Research Center to design a stabilized version of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which biotechnology company Moderna used as the basis for the vaccine mRNA-1273, the first COVID-19 vaccine candidate to enter phase I clinical trials in the U.S. At least three other vaccines use this modified spike protein: those from Pfizer and BioNTech; Johnson & Johnson and Janssen Pharmaceuticals; and Novavax.
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A viral vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a viral vector to deliver genetic material (DNA) that can be transcribed by the recipient's host cells as mRNA coding for a desired protein, or antigen, to elicit an immune response. As of April 2021, six viral vector vaccines, four COVID-19 vaccines and two Ebola vaccines, have been authorized for use in humans.
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John R. Mascola is an American physician-scientist, immunologist and infectious disease specialist. He was the director of the Vaccine Research Center (VRC), part of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH). He also served as a principal advisor to Anthony Fauci, director of NIAID, on vaccines and biomedical research affairs. Mascola is the current Chief Scientific Officer for ModeX Therapeutics.
References
- ↑ Robinson, Harriet L.; Amara, Rama Rao (2005). "T cell vaccines for microbial infections". Nature Medicine. 11 (4s): S25 –S32. doi: 10.1038/nm1212 . PMID 15812486. S2CID 205384682.
- ↑ Buchbinder, SP; Mehrotra, DV; Duerr, A; Fitzgerald, DW; Mogg, R; Li, D; Gilbert, PB; Lama, JR; Marmor, M; Del Rio, C; McElrath, MJ; Casimiro, DR; Gottesdiener, KM; Chodakewitz, JA; Corey, L; Robertson, MN (2008). "Efficacy assessment of a cell-mediated immunity HIV-1 vaccine (the Step Study): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, test-of-concept trial". Lancet. 372 (9653): 1881–93. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61591-3. PMC 2721012 . PMID 19012954.
- ↑ Korber, Bette T.; Letvin, Norman L.; Haynes, Barton F. (2009). "T-Cell Vaccine Strategies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the Virus with a Thousand Faces". Journal of Virology. 83 (17): 8300–8314. doi:10.1128/JVI.00114-09. PMC 2738160 . PMID 19439471.
- ↑ "T-cell Vaccines Could Treat Elusive Diseases".
- ↑ Commissioner, Office of the (2020-12-14). "FDA Takes Key Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for First COVID-19 Vaccine". FDA. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
- ↑ Sahin, Ugur; Muik, Alexander; Derhovanessian, Evelyna; Vogler, Isabel; Kranz, Lena M.; Vormehr, Mathias; Baum, Alina; Pascal, Kristen; Quandt, Jasmin; Maurus, Daniel; Brachtendorf, Sebastian (October 2020). "COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and T H 1 T cell responses". Nature. 586 (7830): 594–599. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..594S. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2814-7 . ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32998157.
- ↑ Woldemeskel, Bezawit A.; Garliss, Caroline C.; Blankson, Joel N. (2021-05-17). "SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce broad CD4+ T cell responses that recognize SARS-CoV-2 variants and HCoV-NL63". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 131 (10). doi: 10.1172/JCI149335 . ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 8121504 . PMID 33822770.
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