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The National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864 were two United States federal banking acts that established a system of national banks, and created the United States National Banking System. They encouraged development of a national currency backed by bank holdings of U.S. Treasury securities and established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency as part of the United States Department of the Treasury and a system of nationally chartered banks. The Act shaped today's national banking system and its support of a uniform U.S. banking policy.
Æthelstan or Athelstan was King of the Anglo-Saxons from 924 to 927 and King of the English from 927 to his death in 939. He was the son of King Edward the Elder and his first wife, Ecgwynn. Modern historians regard him as the first King of England and one of the "greatest Anglo-Saxon kings". He never married and had no children; he was succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I.
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Danegeld was a tax raised to pay tribute or protection money to the Viking raiders to save a land from being ravaged. It was called the geld or gafol in eleventh-century sources. It was characteristic of royal policy in both England and Francia during the ninth through eleventh centuries, collected both as tributary, to buy off the attackers, and as stipendiary, to pay the defensive forces. The term Danegeld did not appear until the late eleventh century. In Anglo-Saxon England tribute payments to the Danes was known as gafol and the levy raised to support the standing army, for the defence of the realm, was known as heregeld (army-tax).
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The hide was an English unit of land measurement originally intended to represent the amount of land sufficient to support a household. It was traditionally taken to be 120 acres, but was in fact a measure of value and tax assessment, including obligations for food-rent, maintenance and repair of bridges and fortifications, manpower for the army, and (eventually) the geld land tax.
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The Confederate States of America financed its war effort during the American Civil War of 1861–1865 through various means, fiscal and monetary. As the war lasted for nearly the entire existence of the Confederacy, military considerations dominated national finance.
The medieval English saw their economy as comprising three groups – the clergy, who prayed; the knights, who fought; and the peasants, who worked the land and towns involved in international trade. Over the five centuries of the Middle Ages, the English economy would at first grow and then suffer an acute crisis, resulting in significant political and economic change. Despite economic dislocation in urban and extraction economies, including shifts in the holders of wealth and the location of these economies, the economic output of towns and mines developed and intensified over the period. By the end of the period, England had a weak government, by later standards, overseeing an economy dominated by rented farms controlled by gentry, and a thriving community of indigenous English merchants and corporations.
Coinage in Anglo-Saxon England refers to the use of coins, either for monetary value or for other purposes, in Anglo-Saxon England.
Food render or food rent was a form of tax in kind levied in Anglo-Saxon England, consisting of essential foodstuffs provided by territories such as regiones, multiple estates or hundreds to kings and other members of royal households at a territory's royal vill.
References
- ↑ Faith, Rosamund (2013), "Feorm", in Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; et al. (eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, London: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 186–187, ISBN 1118316096 , retrieved 2014-06-22
- ↑ Burdekin, Richard C.K.; Langdana, Farrokh K. (July 1993), "War Finance in the Southern Confederacy, 1861-1865", Explorations in Economic History, 30 (3): 352–376, doi:10.1006/exeh.1993.1015 . See in particular p. 357: "Congress felt compelled to approve the Tithe Act, or the "Tax-in-Kind," on April 24, 1863. This tax act of 1863, which was intended to remain in force until the end of 1865, supplemented a combined property tax and graded income tax with a tax-in-kind equal to one-tenth of the agricultural produce of 1863."
- ↑ Lee, Hy-Sang (2001), North Korea: A Strange Socialist Fortress, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 70, ISBN 978-0-275-96917-2
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