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Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated. These behaviors are often referred to as "antisocial behaviors." It is often seen as the precursor to antisocial personality disorder, which is per definition not diagnosed until the individual is 18 years old. Conduct disorder is estimated to affect 51.1 million people globally as of 2013.
Bullying is the use of force, coercion, hurtful teasing or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate or intimidate. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception of an imbalance of physical or social power. This imbalance distinguishes bullying from conflict. Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by the following three criteria: (1) hostile intent, (2) imbalance of power, and (3) repetition over a period of time. Bullying is the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, physically, mentally, or emotionally.
Psychological abuse, often called emotional abuse, is a form of abuse, characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another person to behavior that may result in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder. It is often associated with situations of power imbalance in abusive relationships, and may include bullying, gaslighting, and abuse in the workplace. It also may be perpetrated by persons conducting torture, other violence, acute or prolonged human rights abuse, particularly without legal redress such as detention without trial, false accusations, false convictions and extreme defamation such as where perpetrated by state and media.
The Bobo doll experiment is the collective name for the experiments performed by influential psychologist, Albert Bandura. During 1961 and 1963, he studied children's behavior after they watched a human adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll, a doll-like toy with a rounded bottom and low center of mass that rocks back to an upright position after it has been knocked down. There are different variations of the experiment. The most notable experiment measured the children's behavior after seeing the human model get rewarded, get punished, or experience no consequence for physically abusing the Bobo doll. The experiments are empirical methods to test Bandura's social learning theory. The social learning theory claims that people learn largely by observing, imitating, and modeling. It demonstrates that people learn not only by being rewarded or punished, but they can also learn from watching somebody else being rewarded or punished. These experiments are important because they resulted in many more studies concerning the effects of observational learning. The new data from the studies has practical implications, for example by providing evidence of how children can be influenced by watching violent media.
School violence encompasses physical violence, including student-on-student fighting and corporal punishment; psychological violence, including verbal abuse; sexual violence, including rape and sexual harassment; many forms of bullying, including cyberbullying; and carrying weapons in school. It is widely held to have become a serious problem in recent decades in many countries, especially where weapons such as guns or knives are involved. It includes violence between school students as well as physical attacks by students on school staff.
Social behavior is behavior among two or more organisms within the same species, and encompasses any behavior in which one member affects the other. This is due to an interaction among those members. Social behavior can be seen as similar to an exchange of goods, with the expectation that when you give, you will receive the same. This behavior can be effected by both the qualities of the individual and the environmental (situational) factors. Therefore, social behavior arises as a result of an interaction between the two—the organism and its environment. This means that, in regards to humans, social behavior can be determined by both the individual characteristics of the person, and the situation they are in.
Relational aggression or alternative aggression is a type of aggression in which harm is caused by damaging someone's relationships or social status.
The studies of violence in mass media analyzes the degree of correlation between themes of violence in media sources with real-world aggression and violence over time. Many social scientists support the correlation. However, some scholars argue that media research has methodological problems and that findings are exaggerated.(Ferguson & Kilburn, 2009; Freedman, 2002; Pinker 2002; Savage, 2004)
Rowell Huesmann is the Amos N. Tversky Collegiate Professor of Communication Studies and Psychology and Research Professor in the Institute for Social Research of the University of Michigan. He is currently Director of the Aggression Research Program in the Research Center for Group Dynamics of the Institute for Social Research. He is best known for his emphasis on imitation and observational learning as primary psychological mechanisms promoting the development of aggressive and violent behavior and promoting the contagion of violence. His several longitudinal studies conducted with Leonard Eron and Eric Dubow have shown that more aggressive children grow up to be more aggressive adults and that exposure to violence as a child is a risk factor for later violent behavior. Prior to coming to Michigan Huesmann was on the faculty of the University of Illinois at Chicago (1973-1992) and Yale University (1968-1973). Huesmann received his Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University in 1969 and his B.S. from the University of Michigan in 1964.
Leonard David Eron was an American psychologist who conducted one of the longest spanning longitudinal studies on aggressive behavior in children to date. Based on Leonard Eron and Rowell Huesmann's second longitudinal study that they conducted between 1977 and 1995, lead to the conclusion that media violence causes aggressive behavior. Eron was an author of many books, articles and a constant public policy advocate on Capitol Hill. He also twice received Fulbright scholarship and the APA's Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contributions to Media Psychology.
The effects of pornography on individuals or their sexual relationships depend on the type of pornography used and differ from person to person. Pornographic material has been studied particularly for associations with addiction as well as effects on the brain over time. Some literature reviews suggest that pornographic images and films can be addictive, particularly when combined with masturbation, while others maintain that data remains inconclusive. Other research has looked at pornographic material's relation to sexual violence, with varying results.
Grand Theft Childhood: The Surprising Truth About Violent Video Games and What Parents Can Do is a book by Lawrence Kutner and Cheryl K. Olson. Along with psychiatrist Eugene V. Beresin, Kutner and Olson are co-directors of the Harvard Medical School Center for Mental Health and Media, a division of the department of psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Workplace aggression is a specific type of aggression which occurs in the workplace. Workplace aggression can include a wide range of behaviors, ranging from verbal acts to physical attacks. Workplace aggression can decrease the ability of a person to do their job well, lead to physical declines in health and mental health problems, and can also change the way a person behaves at their home and in public. If someone is experiencing aggression at work, it may result in an increase in missed days and some may decide to leave their positions.
Physical or corporal punishment by a parent or other legal guardian is any act causing deliberate physical pain or discomfort to a minor child in response to some undesired behavior. It typically takes the form of spanking or slapping the child with an open hand or striking with an implement such as a belt, slipper, cane, hairbrush or paddle, hanger, and can also include shaking, pinching, forced ingestion of substances, or forcing children to stay in uncomfortable positions.
Craig A. Anderson is an American professor and director at the Department of Psychology, Iowa State University in Ames. He obtained his PhD at Stanford University in 1980.
The Center on Media and Child Health (CMCH) is a non-profit organization based at Boston Children’s Hospital. CMCH was founded in 2002, by Michael Rich, pediatrician; Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School; and Associate Professor of Society, Human Development, and Health at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
Examples of misogyny exist in many published forms, within multiple cultures and well-observed works. Technological advances in the modern era have contributed proficient means to media and marketing to the resultant mass media in the 21st century. The merging of misogyny and mass media has made numerous examples where studies have concluded correlations between misogynous messages, both obvious and subliminal. Corresponding physical appearance of violence and hateful conduct may be seen relative to exposure.
Since their inception in the 1950s, video games have often been criticized for violent content. Politicians, parents, and other activists have claimed that violence in video games can be tied to violent behavior, particularly in children, and have sought ways to regulate the sale of video games. Numerous studies have shown no connection between video games and violent behavior, with the American Psychological Association stating there is little to no evidence connecting these.
Hostile attribution bias, or hostile attribution of intent, is the tendency to interpret others' behaviors as having hostile intent, even when the behavior is ambiguous or benign. For example, a person with high levels of hostile attribution bias might see two people laughing and immediately interpret this behavior as two people laughing about them, even though the behavior was ambiguous and may have been benign.
Deborah M. Capaldi is a developmental psychologist known for her research on at-risk male youth and the intergenerational transmission of substance use, antisocial behavior, intimate partner violence, and child abuse. She is a senior scientist at the Oregon Social Learning Center. Her current projects focus on child exposure to family violence and parenting practices of at-risk parents.
References
- ↑ "Teena Willoughby". researchgate.net. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- 1 2 "Psychology professor wins first mentorship award". brocku.ca. April 14, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
- ↑ "Two new opportunities for researchers at Brock". brockpress.com. September 10, 2002. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ↑ "Brock research to affect youths across Canada". brockpress.com. February 25, 2003. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ↑ Johnson, Matthew (March 28, 2008). "New media education resources". mediasmarts.ca. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ↑ "Playing highly competitive video games may lead to aggressive behavior". sciencedaily.com. August 29, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
- ↑ Pinchefsky, Carol (May 8, 2013). "Yet More Proof That Violent Videogames Don't Cause Aggression". Forbes . Retrieved August 21, 2020.
- ↑ Jacobs, Tom (June 14, 2017). "THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF SPORTS-THEMED VIDEO GAMES". psmag.com. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
- ↑ Majtenyi, Cathy (July 19, 2016). "Brock receives $1.43 million from CIHR for research on adolescent risk-taking behaviours". brocku.ca. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
- ↑ Fraser, Don (July 20, 2016). "Study to shed light on youth risk taking". Niagara Falls Review. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
