Tell Yelkhi

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Tell Yelkhi
Iraq physical map.svg
Archaeological site icon (red).svg
Shown within Iraq
Location Diyala Governorate (Iraq)
Coordinates 34°17′8″N45°0′5″E / 34.28556°N 45.00139°E / 34.28556; 45.00139
Typesettlement
History
FoundedEarly 3th millennium BC
PeriodsBronze Age
Site notes
Excavation dates1977-1980
ArchaeologistsAntonio Invernizzi, G. Bergamini
ConditionRuined
OwnershipPublic
Public accessYes

Tell Yelkhi, is an ancient Near East archaeological site in Diyala Governorate (Iraq). It was examined as part of the Hamrin Dam salvage excavation before it flooded. Other sites a part of that rescue excavation included, Me-Turan, Tell Gubah, Tell Songor, Tellul Hamediyat, Tell Rubeidheh, Tell Madhur, Tell Imlihiye, Tell Rashid, Tell Saadiya and Tell Abada. [1] Some of these sites, including Tell Yelkhi, periodically emerge from the water. [2] The site of Tell Yelhi was settled in the early 3rd millennium BC and occupation continued through the Kassite period late in the 2nd millennium BC. Its name in ancient times is not yet known though Awalki (known during Akkadian, Ur III, and Old Babylonian periods) has been suggested. [3] [4]

Contents

Archaeology

Old Babylonian period omen tablet Lecanomancy omens BM 22447.jpg
Old Babylonian period omen tablet

The oval mound (220 meters by 170 meters) rises about 12 meters above the plain, having two peaks, one lower than the other, and covers an area of about 4 hectares. The edges of main mound have eroded somewhat, removing some Level I Kassite remains and modern period graves have damaged the site. Tell Yelkhi was excavated for three seasons, from 1977 to 1980, by a team from the Italian Archaeological Expedition led by Antonio Invernizzi and G. Bergamini. [5] Excavation was conducted in two areas A, at the top of the mound exposing Levels I and II, and B, a 30 by 10 meter stratigraphic trench on the southeast side of the mound exposing Levels III, IV and V, VI, VII, and VIII. Additionally, four 4 meter by 4 meter soundings on the tell reached virgin soil exposing Levels IX and X. Excavators defined ten occupation levels. [6] [7] As part of the excavation a photogrammatical survey was conducted. [8] Stratigraphic soundings and minor excavations were also conducted on some of the surrounding area and sites. [9] [10] [11] [12]

Finds included a number of cuneiform tablets. [17] [18] Eight tablets were omen texts. [19] An archive, found in the same layer (Level IIIb) mentions the Babylon ruler Ibal-pi-el II. [20] Tablets in a strata contemporary to Level I at the nearby site of Tell Imlihiye carried the names of Kassite rulers Kadasman-Enlil, Kudur-Enlil, Sagarakti-Surias, and Kastilias IV. [7] [21]

A number of terracotta figurines were excavated in Levels I to VI. [22] In the Kassite remains (Level I) barley, dates, and legumes were found. [23] A bronze fenestrated shaft hole axe was found in a grave in the Isin-Larsa level. [24]

Tell Kesaran

This low but large (240 meters by 110 meters in area and about 3 meters in height) site lies across a wadi from Tell Yelkhi, about 1/5 kilometer away. In 1979 and 1980 the Italian Archaeological Expedition led by E. Valtz excavated three adjoining 4 meter by 4 meter trenches on the summit and nine small (1.5 meter by 3 meter) test pits at various points. These established a Kassite period industrial (mainly pottery production) and residential occupation. Minor Late Assyrian occupation was recorded in the form of pottery shards, graves, and a 7th-century BC cylinder seal. [7] [25]

History

Hemrin Dam Upstream Hemrin Dam Upstream USACE NWD.jpg
Hemrin Dam Upstream

The site was first settled in the Early Dynastic period (possibly the prior Jemdat Nasr period) early in the 3rd century BC with residential occupation continuing into the Akkadian Empire period. Late in the 3rd millennium BC, under the Ur III empire, a large temple and administrative/storage areas were constructed. In the Isin-Larse period, early in the 2nd millennium BC, a large palace was built. [26] Tell Yelkhi then continued in an administrative role into the Old Babylonian period with evidence of Mitanni influence. After a time of abandonment it was resettled under the Kassites at which time a large palace was built. Afterward the site was permanently abandoned. [27]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Kawamata, Masanori, "Telul Hamediyat near Tells Gubba and Songor: Part III", al-Rafidan 12, pp. 249-59, 1991
  2. ↑ Titolo, Andrea, "Use of time-series NDWI to monitor emerging archaeological sites: Case studies from Iraqi artificial reservoirs", Remote Sensing 13.4, pp. 786, 2021
  3. ↑ Gentili, Paolo, "I Nomi di Yelkhi", Egitto e Vicino Oriente, pp. 95-127, 2011
  4. ↑ Bergamini, Giovanni, "Awalki-Yelkhi?", Mesopotamia 57, pp. 1-15, 2022
  5. ↑ Bergamini, G., "The Excavations in Tell Yelkhi", Sumer 40, pp. 224-244, 1984
  6. ↑ J N. Postgate and P.J. Watson, "Excavations in Iraq, 1977-78", Iraq, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 141–81, 1979
  7. 1 2 3 M. D. Roaf and J. N. Postgate, "Excavations in Iraq, 1979-80", Iraq, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 167–98, 1981
  8. ↑ Carmelo Sena and Guido Fino, "Photogrammatical Survey at Tell Yelkhi", Sumer 40, pp. 260-261, 1984
  9. ↑ Valtz, E., "Soundings in the Yelkhi Area", Sumer 40, pp. 68, 1984
  10. ↑ Antonio Invernizzi, "Excavations in the Tell Yelkhi Area", Sumer, vol. 40, pp. 208-212, 1984
  11. ↑ Bergamini, G., "The Tell Yelkhi Area", Sumer 40, pp. 219-223, 1984
  12. ↑ Valtz, Elizabetta, "Soundings in the Yelkhi Area", Sumer 40, pp. 293-300, 1984
  13. ↑ Bergamini, G., "Excavations at Tell Yelkhi", Sumer, vol. 40, pp. 69, 1984
  14. ↑ Oselini, V., "Traces of Elamite and Mittani Culture in the Hamrin Basin: the Case of Fine Pottery in The Kassite Contexts of Tell Yelkhi", Cultural & material contacts in the ancient Near East, Apice libri, pp. 36-46, 2016
  15. ↑ Armstrong, James A., "Babylonian Pottery in the Kassite Period", Volume 2 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 421-436, 2017
  16. ↑ Calderbank, Daniel, "Dispersed Communities of Practice During the First Dynasty of the Sealand: The Pottery from Tell Khaiber, Southern Iraq", Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 58-87, 2020
  17. ↑ Saporetti, C., "Cuneiform Texts Discovered at Tell Yelkhi", Sumer 40, pp. 245-259, 1984
  18. ↑ Rouault, O., "Old Babylonian Texts from Tell Yelkhi (Hamrin Project, Iraq)", Mesopotamia, vol. 20, pp. 23-52, 1985
  19. ↑ Michalowski, Piotr, "How to Read the Liver—In Sumerian", If a Man Builds a Joyful House: Assyriological Studies in Honor of Erle Verdun Leichty, Brill, pp. 247-257, 2006
  20. ↑ Gentili, Paolo, "Chogha Gavaneh: An outpost of Ešnunna on the Zagros mountains?", Egitto e Vicino Oriente, vol. 35, pp. 165–73, 2012
  21. ↑ Kessler, Karlheinz, "Kassitische Tontafeln vom Tell Imliḥiye", BaM 13, pp. 51–116, 1982
  22. ↑ Bottino, Sara, "Again on nude females in southern Mesopotamia during the Middle Bronze Age. An analysis of stratified visual materials and written sources on female figures related to Ishtar", Ocnus. Quaderni della Scuola di Specializzazione in Beni Archeologici 30, 2022
  23. ↑ Constantini, L. and L. C. Biasini, "The plants of Yelkhi", in: E. Quarantelli (Hg.), The land between two rivers. Twenty years of Italian archaeology in the Middle East. The treasures of Mesopotamia, Torino, 1985
  24. ↑ Philip, G., "New Light on North Mesopotamia in the Earlier Second Millennium B.C.: Metalwork from the Hamrin", Iraq, vol. 57, pp. 119–44, 1995
  25. ↑ Invernizzi, Antonio, "Excavations in the Yelkhi Area (Hamrin Project, Iraq)", Mesopotamia 15, pp. 19-49, 1980
  26. ↑ Gentili, Paolo, "Wandering Through Time: The Chronology of Tell Mohammed", Studi Classici e Orientali, pp. 39-55, 2011
  27. ↑ Oselini, Valentina. "The cultural influence of Mesopotamian States in the upper and middle course of the Diyala River during the mid-2nd millennium BC." Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. 2: Prehistoric and Historical Landscapes & Settlement Patterns; Economy & Society; Excavation Reports & Summaries. Harrassowitz, 2018

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