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A TELOP (TELevision OPtical Slide Projector) was the trademark name of a multifunction, four-channel "project-all" slide projector developed by the Gray Research & Development Company for television usage, introduced in 1949. [1] It was best remembered in the industry as an opaque slide projector for title cards.
In the early days of television, there were two types of slides for broadcast—a transparent slide or transparency, and an opaque slide, or Balop (a genericized trademark of Bausch & Lomb's Balopticon projectors). Transparency slides were prepared as 2-inch square cards mounted in cardboard or glass, or 4 in × 3.25 in (102 mm × 83 mm) film, surrounded by a half-inch of masking on all four sides. Opaque, "Balop" slides were cards on 4 in × 3 in (102 mm × 76 mm) stock or larger (always maintaining the 4:3 aspect ratio) that were photographed by the use of a Balopticon. Opaque cards were popular as shooting a card on a stand often caused keystoning problems. A fixed size and axis would ensure no geometric distortion.
The Gray Company introduced the original Telop in 1949 (with additional models, later to be known as the Telop I). The dual projector unit offered both transparent and opaque projection. The standard sizes were used for both transparent and card slides, but they could also be made on 35mm film, on 4 in × 3.25 in (102 mm × 83 mm) glass, or on film cards. [2] The third and fourth units on the Telop were attachments with a vertical ticker-tape type roll strip that could be typed on and a horizontal unit similar to a small teleprompter used for title "crawls." [3]
By 1952, when the Telop II was introduced, CBS and NBC were using Telop machines in combination with TV cameras to permit instant fading from one object to another by superimposition. The Telop II was a smaller version of the original model for new TV stations on a budget and featured two openings rather than the original four. At the same time, Gray also developed a Telojector, a gun-turret style slide projector for 2 in × 2 in (51 mm × 51 mm) slides which had two projectors, facilitating easier lap dissolves between the two.
The Telop III was introduced in 1954, was a refinement of the previous makes. Reduced to a single-channel version of the Telop, the Telop III also added a remote-control for switching up to 50 cards and added heat filters for opaque cards. Automation was the emphasis for this model, as was a tie in with the Polaroid Camera Co., in which Polaroid instant photographs could be used in a Telop for on-site use. [4]
Because of its popularity, the Telop became a catch-all term for large-format slide projectors and opaque cards, even after the Gray Company stopped manufacturing Telop projectors. The term telop is used in Japan (テロップ, Teroppu) to indicate text superimposed on a screen, such as captions, subtitles, or scrolling tickers.
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A film recorder is a graphical output device for transferring images to photographic film from a digital source. In a typical film recorder, an image is passed from a host computer to a mechanism to expose film through a variety of methods, historically by direct photography of a high-resolution cathode ray tube (CRT) display. The exposed film can then be developed using conventional developing techniques, and displayed with a slide or motion picture projector. The use of film recorders predates the current use of digital projectors, which eliminate the time and cost involved in the intermediate step of transferring computer images to film stock, instead directly displaying the image signal from a computer. Motion picture film scanners are the opposite of film recorders, copying content from film stock to a computer system. Film recorders can be thought of as modern versions of Kinescopes.
The opaque projector, or episcope is a device which displays opaque materials by shining a bright lamp onto the object from above. The episcope must be distinguished from the diascope, which is a projector used for projecting images of transparent objects, and from the epidiascope, which is capable of projecting images of both opaque and transparent objects.
Instant film is a type of photographic film that was introduced by Polaroid Corporation to produce a visible image within minutes or seconds of the photograph's exposure. The film contains the chemicals needed for developing and fixing the photograph, and the camera exposes and initiates the developing process after a photo has been taken.
A polarized 3D system uses polarization glasses to create the illusion of three-dimensional images by restricting the light that reaches each eye.
The SX-70 is a folding single lens reflex Land camera which was produced by the Polaroid Corporation from 1972 to 1981. The SX-70 helped popularize instant photography.
A vectograph is a type of stereoscopic print or transparency viewed by using the polarized 3D glasses most commonly associated with projected 3D motion pictures.
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Polaroid Type 55 film is a black-and-white peel-apart Polaroid film that yields both a positive print and a negative image that can be used to create enlargements.
Dufaycolor is an early British additive colour photographic film process, introduced for motion picture use in 1932 and for still photography in 1935. It was derived from Louis Dufay's Dioptichrome plates, a glass-based product for colour still photography, introduced in France in 1909. Both Dioptichrome and Dufaycolor worked on the same principles as the Autochrome process, but achieved their results using a layer of tiny colour filter elements arrayed in a regular geometric pattern, unlike Autochrome's random array of coloured starch grains. The manufacture of Dufaycolor film ended in the late 1950s.
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There are three types of color mixing models, depending on the relative brightness of the resultant mixture: additive, subtractive, and average. In these models, mixing black and white will yield white, black and gray, respectively. Physical mixing processes, e.g. mixing light beams or oil paints, will follow one or a hybrid of these 3 models. Each mixing model is associated with several color models, depending on the approximate primary colors used. The most common color models are optimized to human trichromatic color vision, therefore comprising three primary colors.
A projector or image projector is an optical device that projects an image onto a surface, commonly a projection screen. Most projectors create an image by shining a light through a small transparent lens, but some newer types of projectors can project the image directly, by using lasers. A virtual retinal display, or retinal projector, is a projector that projects an image directly on the retina instead of using an external projection screen.
Polaroid B.V. is a Dutch photography and consumer electronics company, founded as a manufacturer of discontinued film for Polaroid Corporation instant cameras. The company produces new instant cameras under the Polaroid brand name as well as wireless speakers and other accessories.
Multi-image is the now largely obsolete practice and business of using 35mm slides (diapositives) projected by single or multiple slide projectors onto one or more screens in synchronization with an audio voice-over or music track. Multi-image productions are also known as multi-image slide presentations, slide shows and diaporamas and are a specific form of multimedia or audio-visual production.
Digital on-screen graphic by country refers to how use of these logos in television vary in different countries and regions.
The dictionary definition of telop at Wiktionary