Texas Tax Code Chapter 313

Last updated

Texas Tax Code Chapter 313 (aka the Texas Economic Development Act) creates a state tax incentive program for certain large businesses to limit the appraised value of their property for the purposes of local Texas public school district property taxes. [1]

Contents

An appraised value limitation is an agreement between a taxpayer and a Texas school district in which the taxpayer proposes to build or install property—and create jobs meeting certain job and wage requirements—in exchange for a ten-year limitation on the taxpayer's property value for school district maintenance and operations tax (M&O) purposes. For ten years, school M&O property taxes are not levied on the value in excess of the limitation amount. Limitation amounts are established by statute and vary by school district from $10 million to $100 million. [2] Unlike abatements based on a percentage of the property value, the structure of the program benefits primarily extremely large projects. The majority of projects are in the petrochemical or energy sectors, although some are typical manufacturing.

Created by the Texas legislature in 2001, and initially set to expire in 2007, the program has been renewed several times. In 2013, the Texas Legislature reset the expiration date of the program to December 31, 2022. [3]

Companies seeking a limitation submit an abatement application to the school district in which the project may be located. The school district forwards the application to the Texas Comptroller for evaluation. The school district may not grant final approval of the abatement without Comptroller analysis and approval. [2] For the 10 years of the tax benefit period, reduced local school district revenues are substantially replaced with state funds through the state public school finance system. [4]

The Texas Tax Code gives the Texas Comptroller's office responsibility and authority to adopt rules necessary for the implementation and administration of the program. [5] The Comptroller's office delegates to school districts the responsibility to enforce provisions of the limitation agreements. [6] In 2013, in House Bill 3390, the Texas legislature charged the Comptroller's office with reviewing the number of qualifying jobs created in future projects receiving tax limitations. [3]

The Texas Comptroller's website posts documents related to the projects. [7]

Program Costs

A 2021 report to the Texas Legislature by the Texas Comptroller reported 509 active limitation agreements, representing an estimated $134 billion of total investment through 2019. That report indicates that for projects commencing between 2006 and 2020, local school property tax revenue reductions due to limitation agreements are approximately $10.8 billion. [4]

A "Tax Exemptions and Tax Incidence Report" prepared by the Texas Comptroller in November, 2020, estimated that limitation agreements would reduce school districts revenues by $916 million in 2022, and over $1 billion in 2023. [8]

Program Supporters

Supporters of the program argue that Texas' high local property tax rates put the state at a disadvantage when competing for businesses making new investments. Business groups say tax abatements are largely responsible for the "Texas Miracle," attracting projects that would have not come to Texas otherwise. They say, without the 313 program, Texas cannot compete with other states for new business investment. Proponents of the program claim that local school district property revenue reductions created by the abatement do not create a real cost to the state, arguing that "but for" the program, none of the companies applying for the abatement would have located in Texas. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] Supporters further point out that the Chapter 313 program is extremely transparent, and that even with Chapter 313 agreements, schools' tax bases are increased. [15] The Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts has said, "The temporary reduction in public school taxes may be followed by greater tax collections on a much more valuable property — in a healthier local economy." [16]

Program Critics

Critics of the program argue that many of the projects receiving the abatement would have located in Texas for other reasons. [17] [18] Elon Musk, in an interview after receiving a Chapter 313 limitation for his new Tesla Austin Gigafactory, said, “When talking to key members of the (Tesla) team that would need to move to Austin from California in order to get the factory going, Austin was their top pick, to be totally frank." [19] Two large LNG projects are being built in Texas even after being refused Chapter 313 abatements by the local school district. [20] [21] Wind farms, critics say, find Texas an ideal location due to its rich wind resources, separate electrical grid, and large rate-payer-funded transmission networks. They say that the program's petrochemical projects locate in Texas largely because of little regulation, proximity to rich oil and gas shale plays, and access to deep-water ports and pipeline networks. [22] Some critics also point to the relatively small number of jobs created compared to the large amount of revenues forgone for each job. [23] [24] [25] [26] Other critics point out that the taxable value of many Chapter 313 projects at the end of the 10-year abatement period is often far less than promised. [27] [28] [29] They further claim program benefits are too generous, as many companies typically agree to return about 40 percent of the initial tax savings to the local school district through "payments in lieu of taxes" outside the regular system of school finance. [29] [12]

Program critics also argue the statute's requirement that the tax abatement be "a determining factor in the applicant's decision to invest capital and construct [a] project in Texas" is not the rigorous "but for" test legislative sponsors promised when the Chapter 313 program was revised and renewed in 2013 by the Texas legislature. The Senate sponsor of the 2013 legislation, Robert Deuell, said at the time, "We...have 'but for' provisions meaning that we really have to make sure that these projects would not have come to the state otherwise..." [29]  Texas House of Representatives bill sponsor Harvey Hilderbran explained, "If they [companies] were going to come here anyway, they wouldn't get it." [30]   But critics note that the Comptroller's office routinely approves projects after the applicant simply asserts that the project is not 'financially feasible' without the abatement. [31] [26] [30] An article on the program published by the Texas Comptroller in November, 2020 noted, “It’s generally impossible to determine the factors that ultimately cause a company to make a final decision, but it’s plausible to assume that the availability of a large tax break is often a determining factor, if one of many.” [16]

Program Studies and Analyses

In 2010, the Comptrollers office studied the program, making recommendations. [32] The Texas Legislative Budget Board in its Texas State Government Effectiveness and Efficiency: Selected Issues and Recommendations (January 2011) analyzed the Chapter 313 program, making recommendations. [33] In 2013, the Chapter was amended to require the Texas State Auditor's Office (SAO) to review at least three major limitation agreements annually. [34] The SAO has published annual reports on selected agreements since 2014, but has never audited any company agreement-holders. [35] [36] [37] [38] [39]

In November, 2016, the Texas Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Economic Development issued an Interim Report to the 85th Legislature that was extremely critical of the Chapter 313 program. [23]

The Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts started issuing biennially reports on limitation economic development projects in 2008. [40]

In 2017, University of Texas political science professor Nathan M. Jensen released a study on the Chapter 313 program suggesting that 85 percent of the companies receiving the abatement would have located in Texas for other reasons. [41] [42] [43]

2019 Legislation

During the Texas 86th Legislature (2019), state representative Jim Murphy (Houston) filed House Bill 2129 to extend the expiration of the Chapter 313 program from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2032. [44]   The Texas Legislative Budget Board estimated the local school district revenue losses to be approximately $10 billion between 2023 and the year 2049. [45] In a March 20 House Ways and Means committee hearing, representatives of about 50 companies and 40 economic development groups testified or registered for the bill.  Five witnesses testified or registered against the bill. [46] [47] On April 9, House Bill 2129 was voted out of the Texas House of Representatives 115 to 28, with 91% of the Democrats and 66% of the Republicans voting for the measure. [48] The bill died in Senate committee. [49] [50]

2021 Legislation - Program Expiration

During the Texas 87th Legislature (2021), several bills were filed to extend the program's expiration date from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2032. Among those bills, HB 1556 (Murphy) would also have allowed tax benefits for project renovations, but that bill died in the Texas House. [51] After left-wing and right-wing opposition, as well as a number of news articles and editorials in state newspapers and magazines criticizing the program, no bill extending Chapter 313 passed the Texas Senate. [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] In November of 2021, the State Comptroller proposed rules to reduce reporting requirements for existing projects. [63] [64] Public comments on the rules proposal were almost unanimously opposed to revising program reporting requirements. [65] [66] [67] [68]

Notes and References.

      Related Research Articles

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">The Woodlands, Texas</span> Census-designated place and special-purpose district in Texas, United States

      The Woodlands is a special-purpose district and census-designated place (CDP) in the U.S. state of Texas in the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan statistical area. The Woodlands is primarily located in Montgomery County, with portions extending into Harris County. The Woodlands is governed by The Woodlands Township, an organization that provides municipal services and is administered by an elected board of directors. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, the township had a population of 114,436 people. In 2021, The Howard Hughes Corporation estimated the population of The Woodlands was 119,000. The United States Census Bureau defines an urban area separate from the Houston urban area with The Woodlands as a principal city: The Woodlands–Conroe, TX urban area had a 2020 population of 402,454, making it the 103rd largest in the United States.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Texas Southern University</span> Historically black university in Houston

      Texas Southern University is a public historically black university in Houston, Texas. The university is one of the largest and most comprehensive historically black college or universities in the United States with nearly 8,000 students enrolled and over 100 academic programs. The university is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and it is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of Texas</span> Principles, institutions and law of political governance in the U.S. state of Texas

      The Constitution of the State of Texas is the document that establishes the structure and function of the government of the U.S. state of Texas, and enumerates the basic rights of the citizens of Texas.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">South Texas College of Law Houston</span> Private law school in Houston, Texas, USA

      South Texas College of Law Houston is a private law school in Houston, Texas. Founded in 1923, it is accredited by the American Bar Association. South Texas College of Law Houston is the oldest law school in the city of Houston. In 1923, the YMCA made the decision to establish a law school with a focus on offering night classes for working professionals.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Texas Public Policy Foundation</span> Nonprofit organization in Austin, United States

      The Texas Public Policy Foundation (TPPF) is a conservative think tank based in Austin, Texas. The organization was founded in 1989 by James R. Leininger, who sought intellectual support for his education reform ideas, including public school vouchers. Projects of the organization include Right on Crime, which is focused on criminal justice reform, and Fueling Freedom, which seeks to "explain the forgotten moral case for fossil fuels" by rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">William P. Hobby Jr.</span> American politician

      William Pettus Hobby Jr. is an American Democratic politician who served a record eighteen years as the 37th Lieutenant Governor of Texas. He held that office from January 16, 1973, to January 15, 1991, for an unprecedented five terms; he was the last lieutenant governor to serve a two-year term and the first elected to a four-year term when the Texas Constitution was amended to lengthen terms for statewide elected officeholders to four years beginning with the 1974 elections. The principal duty of the Texas lieutenant governor is to preside over the Texas State Senate.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Rodney Ellis</span> American politician (born 1954)

      Rodney Glenn Ellis is an American politician. He represented Texas' 13th state senate district in the Texas Senate from 1990 to 2017. The district contains portions of Harris County, including downtown Houston, and Fort Bend County. He is a member of the Democratic Party. On June 25, 2016, Ellis won the Democratic Party's nomination for Harris County Commissioners Court Precinct 1. He was elected county commissioner on November 8, 2016 and sworn into office on January 1, 2017.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Texas</span> Overview of education in Texas

      Texas has over 1,000 public school districts—all but one of the school districts in Texas are independent, separate from any form of municipal or county government. School districts may cross city and county boundaries. Independent school districts have the power to tax their residents and to assert eminent domain over privately owned property. The Texas Education Agency (TEA) oversees these districts, providing supplemental funding, but its jurisdiction is limited mostly to intervening in poorly performing districts.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Glenn Hegar</span> American politician (born 1970)

      Glenn Allen Hegar Jr. is an American attorney who serves as Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. He was a Republican member of the Texas Senate representing the 18th District, west of Houston. He succeeded fellow Republican Susan Combs as comptroller on January 2, 2015. He was elected Comptroller in the general election on November 4, 2014.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">2007 Texas constitutional amendment election</span>

      The 2007 Texas Constitutional Amendment Election took place 6 November 2007.

      The New Jersey Office of the State Comptroller(OSC) is an independent agency of the Government of New Jersey created by an act of the state legislature in 2007 in order to make government more efficient, accountable and transparent. The State Comptroller is appointed by the Governor of New Jersey, with the advice and consent of the New Jersey Senate, to a renewable six-year term.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Susan Combs</span> American politician (born 1945)

      Susan Combs is an American politician, having served elected office in Texas and served as the Assistant Secretary of Policy, Management and Budget at the U.S. Department of the Interior as an appointed official under President Donald J. Trump.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts</span> Financial officer of the executive branch of the U.S. state of Texas

      The Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts is an executive branch position created by the Texas Constitution. The comptroller is popularly elected every four years, and is primarily tasked with collecting all state tax revenue and estimating the amount of revenue that the Texas Legislature can spend each biennium. The current comptroller is Glenn Hegar, who took office on January 2, 2015.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Houston Community College</span> Community college system in Texas, U.S.

      Houston Community College (HCC), also known as Houston Community College System (HCCS) is a public community college system that operates community colleges in Houston, Missouri City, Greater Katy, and Stafford in Texas. It is notable for actively recruiting internationally and for the large number of international students enrolled, over 5,700 in 2015. Its open enrollment policies, which do not require proficiency in English, are backed by a full-time 18-month English proficiency program and remedial courses.

      Daniel G. Huberty is an American businessman, who was a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 127 in Harris County from 2011 to 2023.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Sylvester Turner</span> Mayor of Houston since 2016

      Sylvester Turner is an American attorney and politician who is serving as the 62nd mayor of Houston, Texas. A member of the Democratic Party, Turner was a member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1989 until 2016. He attended the University of Houston and Harvard Law School. Turner ran for mayor of Houston in 1991, losing in the runoff election to Bob Lanier. He lost again in 2003, coming in third and thus missing the runoff.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Jim Murphy (Texas politician)</span> Texas businessman and state legislator

      James Richard Murphy, known as Jim Murphy, is an American businessman and politician. He is a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives. From 2007 to 2009 and again since 2011, he has represented District 133 in Harris County.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Briscoe Cain</span> American politician

      Briscoe Cain is an American attorney and Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 128.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Texas Capitol View Corridors</span> Construction restrictions in Austin, Texas

      The Capitol View Corridors are a series of legal restrictions on construction in Austin, Texas, aimed at preserving protected views of the Texas State Capitol from various points around the city. First established by the Texas Legislature in 1983 and recodified in 2001, the corridors are meant to protect the capitol dome from obstruction by high-rise buildings. While supported by cultural and historical preservation organizations, the corridors have also been criticized for limiting the potential for the development of new tall structures in downtown Austin.

      <span class="mw-page-title-main">Ion District</span>

      The Ion District, Ion Innovation District, or Rice Innovation District is a technology park and innovation district in Midtown Houston which was established as a joint initiative between Rice University and the City of Houston. It has also been called the South Main Innovation District. The district's central hub and first building is the Ion, which opened in 2021 after owner Rice Management Company (RMC) converted it from a former Sears store. The building houses coworking and office spaces, business incubators and accelerators, classrooms, a prototyping lab, investor studio, and restaurants. Current tenants include Chevron Technology Ventures and Microsoft. The district also includes Greentown Labs Houston, a business incubator focused on climate technology and sustainable energy, and a large outdoor plaza.

      References

      1. ↑ "Tax Code Chapter 313 Texas Economic Development Act". statutes.capitol.texas.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
      2. 1 2 Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts (April 2016). "Chapter 313: Attracting Jobs and Investment". comptroller.texas.gov. Fiscal Notes. Archived from the original on March 4, 2018. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
      3. 1 2 Texas Legislature, 83rd Regular Session, House Bill 3390
      4. 1 2 Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts (January 2021). "Texas Economic Development Act Chapter 313 Summary Data 2021". p. 2.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
      5. ↑ Texas Tax Code §313.031(1)
      6. ↑ Texas Administrative Code, Title 34, Part 1, Chapter 9, Subchapter F, Rule §9.1054(i)(3)
      7. ↑ Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. "Chapter 313 School Value Limitation Documents".
      8. ↑ Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts (November 2020). "Tax Exemptions and Tax Incidence Reports, November 2020" (PDF). p. 34.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
      9. ↑ Texas Taxpayers and Research Association (December 2010). "Questions and Answers about the Texas Economic Development Act" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2014.
      10. ↑ Texas 2050 (September 22, 2016). "Texas 2050 - A Framework for Long-Term Economic Growth" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 31, 2018.
      11. ↑ Texas Taxpayers and Research Association (January 23, 2017). "TTARA releases report on Chapter 313: State's 'single most important economic development tool'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 31, 2018.
      12. 1 2 Texas Taxpayers and Research Association (January 2017). "Understanding Chapter 313: School Property Tax Limitations and the Impact on State Finances" (PDF). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2017.
      13. ↑ Craymer, Dale; Bennett, Tony (April 6, 2017). "Chapter 313 helps keep Texas' status as an economic powerhouse". Houston Chronicle - Guest Editorial. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017.
      14. ↑ Moseley, Jeff (April 23, 2019). "Commentary: Texans suffer if tax relief tools are allowed to expire" . Retrieved May 8, 2019.
      15. ↑ Advanced Power Alliance (April 4, 2019). "Texas Chapter 313 and Schools: Correcting the Myths".
      16. 1 2 Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts (November 2020). "Chapter 313: Trading Tax Limitations for Development".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
      17. ↑ Michels, Patrick (November 29, 2016). "Rationale for Texas' Largest Corporate Welfare Program was a 'Typographical Error'". Texas Observer. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016.
      18. ↑ Naveena Sadasivam (February 13, 2017). "Texas' Largest Corporate Welfare Program is Rapidly Ballooning". Texas Observer.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
      19. ↑ Austin American Statesman (August 8, 2020). "Austin factory a key tool in Tesla's race against auto industry giants".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
      20. ↑ Lavine, Dick (March 29, 2019). "Lawmakers Should Not Renew Tax Giveaways without Proper Review" (PDF). Center for Public Policy Priorities.
      21. ↑ Michels, Patrick (September 22, 2016). "Once Again, School District Shuts Down Tax Break for Gas Exporter". Texas Observer. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016.
      22. ↑ Sadasivam, Naveena (December 9, 2016). "Energy Transfer Partners May Have Misled State to Secure Tax Break". Texas Observer. Texas Observer. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016.
      23. 1 2 Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Economic Development (November 2016). "Interim Report to the 85th Legislature" (PDF). pp. 50–83. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 31, 2018.
      24. ↑ Peacock, Bill (August 21, 2017). "Local Tax Incentives: Chapter 313 - Texas Economic Development A". Texas Public Policy Foundation. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Alt URL
      25. ↑ Michel, Patrick (March 14, 2016). "Free Lunch: Meet Chapter 313, Texas' Largest Corporate Welfare Program". Texas Observer. Archived from the original on Feb 27, 2023.
      26. 1 2 Toohey, Marty (May 17, 2015). "Big dollars, little oversight? Amid debate over Texas' tax breaks for businesses, little attention being given to biggest incentives program of all". Austin American Statesman. Archived from the original on May 31, 2018.
      27. ↑ Asher Price (September 15, 2016). "As the wind blows, Texas subsidizes school districts on tax agreements". Austin American Statesman.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
      28. ↑ Eric Dexheimer (March 21, 2019). "Solar companies flock to a Texas tax break with questionable payback". Houston Chronicle.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
      29. 1 2 3 Senate Journal - Texas Senate (May 26, 2013). "Statement of Legislative Intent for HB 3390 (Senators Deuell, Davis and Watson)" (PDF). Secretary of the Texas Senate. pp. 3788–3796. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 31, 2018.
      30. 1 2 Dexheimer, Eric (May 6, 2019). "With irate email, gas exec raises more questions about $580M tax break program". Houston Chronicle.
      31. ↑ Lavine, Dick (February 25, 2021). "End Chapter 313 Abatements and Free Up Future State Revenue".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
      32. ↑ Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts (March 2011). "An Analysis of Texas Economic Development Incentives, 2010. Texas Economic Development Act: Chapter 313" (PDF). pp. 17–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2017.
      33. ↑ Texas Legislative Budget Board (January 2011). "Texas State Government Effectiveness and Efficiency; Selected Issues and Recommendations. "Improve the Administration of the Texas Economic Development Act"" (PDF). pp. 1–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2018.
      34. ↑ Texas Tax Code §313.010
      35. ↑ Texas State Auditor's Office (November 2014). "Report No. 15-009 An Audit Report on Selected Major Agreements Under the Texas Economic Development Act" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016.
      36. ↑ Texas State Auditor's Office (August 2015). "Report No. 15-042 An Audit of Selected Major Agreements Under the Texas Economic Development Act" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016.
      37. ↑ Texas State Auditor's Office (October 2016). "Report No. 17-009 An Audit Report on Selected Major Agreements Under the Texas Economic Development Act" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2016.
      38. ↑ Texas State Auditor's Office (July 2017). "Report No. 17-043 An Audit on Selected Major Agreements Under the Texas Economic Development Act" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 3, 2017.
      39. ↑ Texas State Auditor (July 2018). "An Audit Report on Selected Major Agreements Under the Texas Economic Development Act" (PDF).
      40. ↑ Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. "Biennial Reports".
      41. ↑ Depillis, Lydia. "Study: Texas' biggest tax break program is mostly a waste of money". Houston Chronicle.
      42. ↑ Jensen, Nathan M. (October 10, 2017). "Exit Options in Firm-Government Negotiations: An Evaluation of the Texas Chapter 313 Program". Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Working Paper Series. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2017.
      43. ↑ Jensen, Nathan M. (July 3, 2018). "Bargaining and the effectiveness of economic development incentives: an evaluation of the Texas chapter 313 program". Public Choice. 177 (1–2): 22–51. doi:10.1007/s11127-018-0583-8. ISSN   0048-5829.
      44. ↑ Texas Legislature Online. "House Bill 2129".
      45. ↑ Texas Legislative Budget Board (March 19, 2019). "Fiscal Note; House Bill 2129" (PDF).
      46. ↑ "Texas House of Representatives, Ways and Means Committee Witness List". March 20, 2019.
      47. ↑ Sechler, Bob (March 20, 2019). "Lawmakers debate need for state incentive program". Austin American Statesman. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
      48. ↑ "House Journal, Eighty-Sixth Legislature, Regular Session Proceedings, Forty-Second Day -- Tuesday, April 9. 2019. Page 1381" (PDF).
      49. ↑ Miller, Justin (May 20, 2019). "The $9 Billion School Finance Problem in Speaker Bonnen's Backyard". Texas Observer.
      50. ↑ Mann, Joshua (May 30, 2019). "Industrial tax incentive renewal dies in Texas committee". Houston Business Journal.
      51. ↑ Diego Mendoza-Moyers (May 11, 2021). "Expansion of controversial Chapter 313 tax break program dies in House". San Antonio Express News. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      52. ↑ Justin Miller (May 12, 2021). "TEXAS' LARGEST CORPORATE WELFARE PROGRAM IS LEAVING COMPANIES FLUSH AND SCHOOL DISTRICTS BROKE". Texas Observer. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      53. ↑ Mike Morris & John Tedesco (May 12, 2021). "Huge corporations are saving $10 billion on Texas taxes, and you're paying for it". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
      54. ↑ Mike Morris & John Tedesco (May 12, 2021). "A controversial tax program promised high-paying jobs. Instead, its costs spiraled out of control". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      55. ↑ Mike Morris & John Tedesco (May 12, 2021). "The original sales pitch for the big Texas tax breaks? It sprang from a typo". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      56. ↑ John Tedesco (May 12, 2021). "Barbers Hill is handing out $900 million in tax breaks to companies. Here's why". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      57. ↑ Editorial Board (May 17, 2021). "Editorial: Want real property tax reform? End corporate welfare in Texas". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      58. ↑ Mike Morris & John Tedesco (June 2, 2021). "How skeptical Texas lawmakers put an end to a controversial tax incentive program". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      59. ↑ Justin Miller (June 9, 2021). "THE UNLIKELY DEMISE OF TEXAS' BIGGEST CORPORATE TAX BREAK". Texas Observer. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      60. ↑ "TPPF, Every Texan Joint Statement Opposing Unjustified Business Tax Breaks". TPPF. Texas Public Policy Foundation (TPPF) & Every Texan (CPPP). May 7, 2021. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      61. ↑ Texas Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF) (Jun 1, 2021). "Texas IAF Blocks $10 Billion Dollar Corporate Tax Giveaway to Big Oil". Industrial Areas Foundation. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      62. ↑ Aleen Brown (June 1, 2021). "CORPORATE SUBSIDY QUIETLY DIES IN TEXAS — TOPPING OFF BAD WEEK FOR BIG OIL". The Intercept. Retrieved Feb 14, 2022.
      63. ↑ Justin Miller (Nov 24, 2021). "AS TEXAS' $10 BILLION CORPORATE TAX BREAK PROGRAM CLOSES, STATE COMPTROLLER WANTS TO COVER UP COSTS". Texas Observer. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      64. ↑ Mike Morris & John Tedesco (Dec 3, 2021). "Texas comptroller seeks to hide some details of controversial tax break program from public". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      65. ↑ "TPPF, Every Texan: Texans Deserve Transparency". TPPF Press Release. Texas Public Policy Foundation (TPPF) & Every Texan. Dec 9, 2021. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      66. ↑ Editorial Board (Dec 10, 2021). "Editorial: Texans need more information on wasteful '313' corporate welfare program — not less". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      67. ↑ Texas IAF (Dec 21, 2022). "Texas IAF Calls On State Comptroller to Abandon Plan to Gut Chapter 313 Subsidy Accountability Requirements". Industrial Areas Foundation - Austin Interfaith. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      68. ↑ Mike Morris & John Tedesco (Jan 28, 2022). "After backlash, Texas comptroller abandons plan to hide details of controversial tax break program". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved Feb 7, 2022.
      This page is based on this Wikipedia article
      Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
      Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.