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The Second Caucasian Expedition of the Seljuk Empire | |||||||
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Part of the Georgian–Seljuk wars | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Seljuk Empire | Some Armenian and Georgian Principalities | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Strength | |||||||
unknown | unknown | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
unknown | unknown |
Alp Arslan marched on the Caucasus for the second time in early 1068 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .This time, his aim was to annex all of Azerbaijan to the Seljuks without causing any more unrest. Because after the first Caucasian campaign, which was left unfinished due to Kavurd's previous rebellion, almost all the princes had rebelled. Alp Arslan, accompanied by Nizam al-Mulk and his famous commander Savtegin, took control of the small principalities ruling various regions of Azerbaijan, including Tbilisi, Kartli, Shirak, Vanand, Nig, Gugark, Arran and Ganja, as well as the Shaddadi emirs. However, the definitive Seljuk domination of these princes, who declared their loyalty to Alp Arslan and even accepted Islam of their own free will, was only possible with the operation of Savtegin, who was sent back to the region the following year. While the Caucasus campaign was continuing, when the Karakhanid ruler Ibrahim Khan died and the throne fights that started between his sons became detrimental to the Seljuk interests, Alp Arslan was forced to return to his country. However, when Shams al-Mulk Nasr, whom Ibrahim Khan had personally enthroned before his death, took control of the situation, he gave up on intervening.
When there was no longer a dangerous situation in the east, Alp Arslan turned his attention back to the west and began to deal with the events taking place in Anatolia, Egypt and Syria.
Alp Arslan, born Muhammad Alp Arslan bin Dawud Chaghri, was the second sultan of the Seljuk Empire and great-grandson of Seljuk, the eponymous founder of the dynasty. He greatly expanded the Seljuk territory and consolidated his power, defeating rivals to the south, east and northwest, and his victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, in 1071, ushered in the Turcoman settlement of Anatolia.
Romanos IV Diogenes was Byzantine emperor from 1068 to 1071. Determined to halt the decline of the Byzantine military and to stop Turkish incursions into the empire, he is nevertheless best known for his defeat and capture in 1071 at the Battle of Manzikert, which played a major role in undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia and allowed for its gradual Turkification.
The Battle of Manzikert or Malazgirt was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire on 26 August 1071 near Manzikert, Iberia. The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army and the capture of the emperor Romanos IV Diogenes played an important role in undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Armenia, and allowed for the gradual Turkification of Anatolia. Many Turks, travelling westward during the 11th century, saw the victory at Manzikert as an entrance to Asia Minor.
The Kara-Khanid Khanate, also known as the Karakhanids, Qarakhanids, Ilek Khanids or the Afrasiabids, was a Karluk Turkic khanate that ruled Central Asia from the 9th to the early 13th century. The dynastic names of Karakhanids and Ilek Khanids refer to royal titles with Kara Khagan being the most important Turkic title up until the end of the dynasty.
Malik-Shah I was the third sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1072 to 1092, under whom the sultanate reached the zenith of its power and influence.
Abū ʿAlī Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī Ṭūsī, better known by his honorific title of Niẓām al-Mulk, was a Persian scholar, jurist, political philosopher and vizier of the Seljuk Empire. Rising from a low position within the empire, he became the de facto ruler of the empire for 20 years after the assassination of Sultan Alp Arslan in 1072, serving as the archetypal "good vizier". Viewed by many historians as "the most important statesman in Islamic history", the policies implemented by Nizam ul-Mulk remained the basic foundation for administrative state structures in the Muslim world up until the 20th century.
Rukn al-Din Abu'l-Muzaffar Berkyaruq ibn Malikshah, better known as Berkyaruq (برکیارق), was the fifth sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1094 to 1105.
Ibrahim Inal was a Seljuk warlord, governor and prince (melik). He was the son of Seljuk's Son Yûsuf Yinal, thus being a grandson of the Seljuk Gazi. He was also a half brother of the Sultan Tughril and Chagri Bey with whom he shared the same mother. He was the Seljuk governor of Mosul (Iraq) and Gence (Azerbaijan).
Abu Suleiman Dawud Chaghri Beg ibn Mikail, widely known simply as Chaghri Beg (989–1060), Da'ud b. Mika'il b. Saljuq, also spelled Chaghri, was the co-ruler of the early Seljuk Empire. The name Chaghri is Turkic and literally means "small falcon", "merlin".
Fakhr al-Din Fariburz ibn Sallar, better simply known as Fariburz I (فریبرز), was the sixteenth Shah of Shirvan, ruling from 1063 to 1096. His reign saw many major political balance changes in Caucasus, including expansion by the Seljuqs. He was considered a ruler with great diplomatic skills, and his kingdom extended from Mughan to Kumuk and Alania.
Amid al-Mulk Abu Nasr al-Kunduri, commonly known as al-Kunduri, was a Persian bureaucrat, who served as the vizier of the first Seljuk Sultan Tughril and his nephew Alp Arslan.
The High Middle Ages, or Classic Feudalism Period in what constitutes the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan, lasted from around the 11th century to the 15th century AD. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended around the 15thcentury AD. Key historical trends of the High Middle Ages include the incorporation of the territories that constitute present-day Azerbaijan into the Seljuk Empire, the establishment of the Eldiguzids, the Mongol invasions and the rule of the Ilkhanate, the invasions of Timur and the establishment of the Turkoman Kara Koyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu tribal confederations.
Alparslan: Büyük Selçuklu is a Turkish historical action drama series written by Serdar Özönalan, directed by Sedat İnci and produced by Emre Konuk. As a prequel to Uyanış: Büyük Selçuklu, it depicts the political events and wars during Alp Arslan's rule as a Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. In the series, Turkish actor Barış Arduç essays the lead role of Alp Arslan.
Mawdud launched an expedition against the Seljuks in 1042 to recapture the lands conquered by the Seljuks during the reign of his father Masud and to restore the Ghaznavid state to its former power. He briefly occupied Balkh and Herat, and in 1043/4 Mawdud invaded Sistan but was repelled by the Seljuk prince Alp Arslan. Alp Arslan and Chaghri Bey then counter-attacked and conquered the cities of Termez, Kubadiyan, Vahsh, Kunduz (Valvalic) and all of Tohoristan. Chaghri Bey gave the administration of Tohoristan to his son Alp Arslan.
Alp Arslan set out on the First Caucasian Expedition in February 1064., The reason for this was that the Seljuk Empire, which was looking for a homeland for the Turkmens, saw Anatolia as suitable for this purpose, but in order to conquer Anatolia, the Byzantine military forces in the region had to be destroyed first. Alp Arslan, his son Melikşah and his grand vizier Nizamülmülk set out from the capital Rey towards Azerbaijan at the head of the army, and the Turkmen bey Tuğtegin and his soldiers joined the expedition on the way. While the forces under Melikşah captured the fortified places north of the Aras River, the army under Alp Arslan, which entered Georgia, captured the castles and cities on its way until it reached Trialet, Kvelis-Kür, Şavşat, the Taik region and Akhilkelek north of Lake Çıldır after the Georgian king Bagrat fled. Finally, the forces of Alp Arslan and Melikşah united in front of Akhilkelek and Akhilkelek fell to the Seljuks in June 1064. In the meantime, the prince of Lori, Georgi, who saw that Akhilkelek had also fallen, submitted to the Seljuk Empire and agreed to pay tribute. Alp Arslan crossed to Eastern Anatolia and besieged Ani, the most fortified city in the region held by the Byzantines. The siege lasted about a month and the Seljuks conquered Ani on 16 August 1064. The conquest of Ani, the most fortified border city of the Byzantine Empire and thought to be impossible to conquer, by the Muslims caused great astonishment in the East and West. Later, the Caliph Kāim-Biemrillāh gave Sultan Alp Arslan the title of "Ebü'l-feth". Seeing that Ani had fallen, the prince of Kars, Gagik, swore allegiance to Sultan Alp Arslan and Kars fell into the hands of the Seljuks.
In February 1064, during the western campaign The forces of Melikşah and Alp Arslan entered Georgia and conquered many Georgian cities and fortresses. Later, the forces of Alp Arslan and Melikşah united with their forces in front of Akhilkelek and besieged this city,Alp Arslan conquered this fortified city in June 1064. Meanwhile, after the fall of Akhilkelek, the prince of Lori, Georgi, agreed to be a vassal and pay taxes to Alp Arslan and the Seljuk Empire, thus Lori also fell into the hands of the Seljuk Empire.
The Seljuks began to conquest Transoxiana during the reign of Alp Arslan. Sultan Alp Arslan emerged as a very bright figure with the policies he implemented both in the east and west from the moment he ascended to the throne. In the month of December 1065-January 1066, he organized an expedition to Khwarezm by traveling around the Aral Sea region and the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea. Setting out with his army towards Khwarezm, Alp Arslan exiled the Mangyshlak Turkmen tribes who did not accept Islam, harmed the Seljuk State, and cooperated with non-Muslim Turks and Mongols. He then engaged in a fierce battle with the Kipchaks in the region with his army and defeated the Kipchak Emir Kefshud and the Kipchak army of thirty thousand. After this victory, Alp Arslan sent an ambassador to the Qipchaq Emir Kefşud. When Kefşud came and announced his surrender, Sultan Alp Arslan forgave him for his crimes. Alp Arslan's eastern campaign to restore order resulted in the Seljuk Empire taking control of most of the lands from the Caspian Sea to Tashkent without a fight. He visited the tomb of his ancestor, the Seljuk, in the city of Cend on the Syr Darya and gave the lands of Cend Khan, who welcomed him with gifts, to Melikshah's administration.
In 1070, Alp Arslan had the sermon read in the name of Caliph Qaim-Biemrillâh again in the Haremeyn-i Şerifeyn and for this reason he received the title of "Burhânü Emiri'l-mü'minîn". After this incident, Hamdanid ruler Nasırüddevle, who wanted Syria to pass to the Seljuk State, asked Alp Arslan for help against the Fatimids. Seizing this opportunity, Alp Arslan moved with a large army and captured the castles of Malazgirt and Erciş at the beginning of the strategic road extending from Azerbaijan to the southwest and descended to the Meyyâfârikîn (Silvan) and Amid (Diyarbakır) regions. After receiving the regional emirs who declared their loyalty, he came to Urfa and after taking a tribute of 50,000 dinars from Urfa, which resisted his siege for two months, and conquering some Byzantine castles, he headed towards Aleppo, which was in the hands of the Mirdasids. When the emir of Aleppo refused to appear before him and locked himself in the castle, the city was besieged. However, after a while, the emir came before Alp Arslan with his mother, dressed in Oghuz clothing, which caused him to be pardoned and left in his place. In the meantime, while Alp Arslan was planning to march on Damascus, a Byzantine ambassador came and informed him that the emperor wanted to leave Manbij, which he had conquered two years earlier, to the Seljuks in exchange for Manzikert and Ahlat. Alp Arslan, who gave a negative answer to the ambassador, did not change his plan, relying on the report he received from Emir Afşin, who had returned to Ahlat from Western Anatolia, stating that there was no serious Byzantine threat in Anatolia. However, on the same day, when news came that Diogenes was moving to Anatolia with a large army, it was understood that the Byzantine ambassador was sent as a delaying tactic to create the feeling that the emperor did not want war. Alp Arslan divided his army into two and sent one part to Egypt, and went to Anatolia with the remaining army.
Sultan Alp Arslan, who had been on a campaign for more than a year, returned to Isfahan after the Battle of Manzikert. Here he accepted the congratulations of the subjects' emirs, administrators and ambassadors for his victory. However, after a while he had to go on a campaign to Turkestan. As it is known, the issue of the dominance of Chaganiyan and Khwarezm in Transoxiana was inherited by the Seljuks as an issue between the Ghaznavids and the Karakhanids. The border conflicts with the Karakhanids, which had not ended during Alp Arslan's reign as the prince of Tokharistan, were now continuing between his son-in-law Shamsulmulk Nasr Khan and his sons Ayaz and Ilyas. Taking advantage of Nasr Khan's preoccupation in the east, the prince of Tokharistan, Ayaz, attacked his lands. The Khan, who returned and defeated Ayaz, inflicted heavy losses on the Seljuk prince. He also beat Alp Arslan's daughter, accusing her of spying for his brother, and caused her death.Following these developments, Alp Arslan set out on an expedition with an army of 200,000 to punish the Karakhanid ruler. It took the Seljuk army a month to cross the Ceyhun River. The Sultan's advance was stopped by the resistance of the Barzam Castle on the Transoxiana border. The castle commander Yusuf al-Khwarizmi, who was said to have an esoteric belief, surrendered when he realized that he could not resist any longer and the Barzam Castle fell into the hands of the Seljuk Empire. However, according to the story, before Yusuf al-Khwarizmi surrendered, he killed his wife and children with his own hands so that his secrets would not be revealed and made an assassination plan. When he was brought before the Sultan, he took out a dagger he had hidden in his boot and jumped on him. Alp Arslan and one of his commanders, Gevheråyin, were seriously wounded. Yusuf was killed by the Sultan's men right there. However, Sultan Alp Arslan also died four days later on November 25, 1072, from the effects of his injuries. His death was kept secret for a while to avoid confusion. His body was later brought to Merve and buried next to his father Çağrı Bey. Sultan Alp Arslan's unfinished expedition was later continued by his son Melikşah I and made the Karakhanids a vassal of the Seljuk Empire. According to legend, when Sultan Alp Arslan went on an expedition against the Karakhanids, the Karakhanids were praying in mosques for the Sultan to return from the expedition and for the expedition to fail.
The Battle of Rey took place in 3 August 1059; İbrahim Yınal rebelled for the second time and besieged Tughrul in Hemedan. Thereupon, the sons of Çağrı Bey, Alp Arslan, Kavurt and Yakuti, came to rescue Sultan Tughrul and the Battle of Rey took place between the two sides. İbrahim Yınal and his nephews, who lost the battle, were taken prisoner.