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In biology, phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms. These relationships are determined by phylogenetic inference methods that focus on observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, or morphology. The result of such an analysis is a phylogenetic tree—a diagram containing a hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. It is the second-most populous city in Pennsylvania after Philadelphia and the 68th-most populous city in the U.S. with a population of 302,971 as of the 2020 census. The city anchors the Pittsburgh metropolitan area of Western Pennsylvania. Its population of 2.457 million is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is the principal city of the greater Pittsburgh–Weirton–Steubenville combined statistical area that extends into two neighboring states, Ohio and West Virginia.
A phylogenetic tree, phylogeny or evolutionary tree is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time. In other words, it is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. In evolutionary biology, all life on Earth is theoretically part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating common ancestry. Phylogenetics is the study of phylogenetic trees. The main challenge is to find a phylogenetic tree representing optimal evolutionary ancestry between a set of species or taxa. Computational phylogenetics focuses on the algorithms involved in finding optimal phylogenetic tree in the phylogenetic landscape.
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The tree of life or universal tree of life is a metaphor, model and research tool used to explore the evolution of life and describe the relationships between organisms, both living and extinct, as described in a famous passage in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859).
The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree. I believe this simile largely speaks the truth.
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to evolution:
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Joana Ricou is an artist from Portugal but currently resides in Brooklyn, New York. She studied biology and art at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where she received a Bachelor of Arts and Science in 2004. She also received a Master of Science from Duquesne University, also in Pittsburgh, in 2009.
References
- ↑ Commisso, Danielle (Summer 2009). "Honoring Darwin at Duquesne University" (PDF). Flight Path: The Bulletin of Conservation and Field Research at the National Aviary. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ↑ "The 'Spiral of Life' Mural Series" (PDF). Darwin 2009 February Newsletter. February 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ↑ Templeton, David (February 6, 2009). "Darwin's 200th Birthday Celebrated". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ↑ "Bibliography for Spiral of Life" (PDF). Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ↑ Ricou, Joana; et al. (September 2010), "Evaluation of a Mural Series on the Evolution of Life", International Journal for Cross-Displinary Subjects in Education
- ↑ Commisso, Danielle (Summer 2009). "Honoring Darwin at Duquesne University" (PDF). Flight Path: The Bulletin of Conservation and Field Research at the National Aviary. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ↑ "The 'Spiral of Life' Mural Series" (PDF). Darwin 2009 February Newsletter. February 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2011.