Thermotolerance

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Thermotolerance is the ability of an organism to survive high temperatures. An organism's natural tolerance of heat is their basal thermotolerance. [1] Meanwhile, acquired thermotolerance is defined as an enhanced level of thermotolerance after exposure to a heat stress. [2]

Contents

In plants

Multiple factors contribute to thermotolerance including signaling molecules like abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and pathways like the ethylene signaling pathway and heat stress response pathway. [3]

The various heat stress response pathways enhance thermotolerance. [4] The heat stress response in plants is mediated by heat shock transcription factors (HSF) and is well conserved across eukaryotes. HSFs are essential in plants’ ability to both sense and respond to stress. [5] The HSFs, which are divided into three families (A, B, and C), encode the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP). Past studies have found that transcriptional activators HsfA1 and HsfB1 are the main positive regulators of heat stress response genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. [6] The general pathway to thermotolerance is characterized by sensing of heat stress, activation of HSFs, upregulation of heat response, and return to the non-stressed state. [7]

In 2011, while studying heat stress A. thaliana, Ikeda et al. concluded that the early response is regulated by HsfA1 and the extended response is regulated by HsfA2. They used RT-PCR to analyze the expression of HS-inducible genes of mutant (ectopic and nonfunctional HsfB1) and wild type plants. Plants with mutant HsfB1 had lower acquired thermotolerance, based on both lower expression of heat stress genes and visibly altered phenotypes. With these results they concluded that class A HSFs positively regulated the heat stress response while class B HSFs repressed the expression of HSF genes. Therefore, both were necessary for plants to return to non-stressed conditions and acquired thermotolerance. [8]

In animals

In bacteria

In bacteria, thermotolerance is the resistance of cells to the lethal effects of higher temperatures. Escherichia coli bacteria can be induced to undergo thermotolerance by exposure to a brief period of heat shock, i.e. 15 minutes at 42 degrees. [9] As a result of such exposure the E. coli cells become resistant to the lethal effects of higher temperatures, such as 50 degrees. Thermotolerance in E. coli depends on the expression of the gene dnaK (that encodes a heat shock protein) so that thermotolerance does not develop in dnaK mutant cells. [9]

References

  1. ↑ Bokszczanin, Kamila; Fragkostefanakis, Sotirios; Bostan, Hamed; Bovy, Arnaud; Chaturvedi, Palak; Chiusano, Maria; Firon, Nurit; Iannacone, Rina; Jegadeesan, Sridharan; Klaczynskid, Krzysztof; Li, Hanjing (2013). "Perspectives on deciphering mechanisms underlying plant heat stress response and thermotolerance". Frontiers in Plant Science. 4: 315. Bibcode:2013FrPS....4..315B. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00315 . ISSN   1664-462X. PMC   3750488 . PMID   23986766.
  2. ↑ De Virgilio, Claudio; Piper, Peter; Boller, Thomas; Wiemken, Andres (1991-08-19). "Acquisition of thermotolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae without heat shock protein hsp104 and in the absence of protein synthesis". FEBS Letters. 288 (1–2): 86–90. Bibcode:1991FEBSL.288...86D. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81008-V . ISSN   0014-5793. PMID   1831771. S2CID   25550858.
  3. ↑ Larkindale, Jane; Hall, Jennifer D.; Knight, Marc R.; Vierling, Elizabeth (2005). "Heat Stress Phenotypes of Arabidopsis Mutants Implicate Multiple Signaling Pathways in the Acquisition of Thermotolerance". Plant Physiology. 138 (2): 882–897. doi:10.1104/pp.105.062257. ISSN   0032-0889. JSTOR   4629891. PMC   1150405 . PMID   15923322.
  4. ↑ Sarkar, S.; Islam, A.K.M.Aminul; Barma, N.C.D.; Ahmed, J.U. (May 2021). "Tolerance mechanisms for breeding wheat against heat stress: A review". South African Journal of Botany. 262–277: 262–277. Bibcode:2021SAJB..138..262S. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2021.01.003 .
  5. ↑ Liu, Hsiang-chin; Charng, Yee-yung (2012-05-01). "Acquired thermotolerance independent of heat shock factor A1 (HsfA1), the master regulator of the heat stress response". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 7 (5): 547–550. Bibcode:2012PlSiB...7..547L. doi:10.4161/psb.19803. PMC   3419016 . PMID   22516818.
  6. ↑ Yoshida, Takumi; Ohama, Naohiko; Nakajima, Jun; Kidokoro, Satoshi; Mizoi, Junya; Nakashima, Kazuo; Maruyama, Kyonoshin; Kim, Jong-Myong; Seki, Motoaki; Todaka, Daisuke; Osakabe, Yuriko (2011-12-01). "Arabidopsis HsfA1 transcription factors function as the main positive regulators in heat shock-responsive gene expression". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 286 (5): 321–332. doi:10.1007/s00438-011-0647-7. ISSN   1617-4623. PMID   21931939. S2CID   8284912.
  7. ↑ Bäurle, Isabel (2016). "Plant Heat Adaptation: priming in response to heat stress". F1000Research. 5: F1000 Faculty Rev–694. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7526.1 . ISSN   2046-1402. PMC   4837978 . PMID   27134736.
  8. ↑ Ikeda, Miho; Mitsuda, Nobutaka; Ohme-Takagi, Masaru (2011-11-01). "Arabidopsis HsfB1 and HsfB2b Act as Repressors of the Expression of Heat-Inducible Hsfs But Positively Regulate the Acquired Thermotolerance". Plant Physiology. 157 (3): 1243–1254. doi:10.1104/pp.111.179036. ISSN   0032-0889. PMC   3252156 . PMID   21908690.
  9. 1 2 Delaney JM (October 1990). "Requirement of the Escherichia coli dnaK gene for thermotolerance and protection against H2O2". J Gen Microbiol. 136 (10): 2113–8. doi: 10.1099/00221287-136-10-2113 . PMID   2269877.
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