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Asher ben Meshullam was a Jewish theologian and Talmudic scholar who lived at Lunel in the second half of the 12th century CE. A renowned Talmudist, he was a son of the well-known Meshullam ben Jacob, and a pupil of Joseph ibn Plat and the Raavad.
Meshullam son of Jacob also known as Rabbeinu Meshullam hagodol was a Franco-Jewish Talmudist of the twelfth century CE. He led a Talmudic Yeshiva in Lunel which produced several famous scholars, and was an intimate friend of Abraham ben Isaac, Av beth din of Narbonne, who addressed to him several responsa, and spoke of him in high terms. His Talmudic decisions are quoted in Sefer ha-Terumot.
Yaakov ben Yakar was a German Talmudist. He flourished in the first half of the 11th century. He was a pupil of Gershom ben Judah in Mainz, and is especially known as the teacher of Rashi, who characterizes him as Mori HaZaken.
David Gans, also known as Rabbi Dovid Solomon Ganz, was a Jewish chronicler, mathematician, historian, astronomer and astrologer. He is the author of "Tzemach David" (1592) and therefore also known by this title, the צמח דוד.
Rabbi Isaac ben Asher HaLevi or Riba (ריב"א) is the earliest known Tosafist, son-in-law of Eliakim ben Meshullam and pupil of Rashi. He flourished in Speyer during the 11th century.
Yerucham ben Meshullam, often called Rabbenu Yerucham, was a prominent rabbi and posek during the period of the Rishonim.
Perez ben Elijah of Corbeil was a French tosafist, son of the Talmudist Elijah of Tours. In Talmudic literature he is designated by the abbreviations RaP, RaPaSh, and MaHaRPaSh.
Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam or Samuel ben Jacob Jam'a was rabbi of the North-African community of קאבס (Gabès?) who flourished in the 12th century. He was on intimate terms with Abraham ibn Ezra, who dedicated to him his Ḥai ben Meḳiẓ and mentioned eulogiously three of his sons — Judah, Moses, and Jacob.
Joseph ben Nathan Official was a French-Jewish controversialist. He lived, probably at Sens, in the thirteenth century. He was a descendant of Kalonymus ben Todros, the nasi of Narbonne. His father held a public office to which Joseph probably succeeded, whence the surname "Official."
Kalonymus ben Todros was a Provencal rabbi who flourished at Narbonne in the second half of the twelfth century. He bore the title Nasi, and was the leader of the community when Benjamin of Tudela visited Narbonne in 1165. He and his cousin Levi ben Moses were joint leaders at a later time. From certain letters of Sheshet Benveniste to Kalonymus, it seems probable that the latter died in 1194. The letters are contained in a manuscript of the historian Joseph ha-Kohen. Henri Gross believes that Kalonymus is identical with "Clarimoscus filius Tauroscii," mentioned in a deed of conveyance of 1195 reproduced by Gustave Saige.
Isaac David Broydé was an Orientalist and librarian.
Hachmei Provence refers to the rabbis of Provence, now known as Occitania, France that was a great Torah center in the times of the Tosafists. The phrase literally means the wise ones of Provence; hakham "wise one, sage" is a Sephardic and Hachmei Provençal term for a rabbi.
Kalonymos or Kalonymus is a prominent Jewish family who lived in Italy, mostly in Lucca and in Rome, which, after the settlement at Mainz and Speyer of several of its members, took during many generations a leading part in the development of Jewish learning in Germany. The family is according to many considered the foundation of Hachmei Provence and the Ashkenazi Hasidim.
David ben Yom Tov ibn Bilia was a Portuguese Jewish philosopher who lived in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
Rabbi Jonathan ben David ha-Kohen of Lunel was a leading French tosafist.
Aaron ben Meshullam ben Jacob of Lunel was a French Jewish ritualist who flourished about the end of the twelfth century in Lunel and died in about 1210. He was one of the five sons of Meshullam ben Jacob and seems to have written a book on Dinim, from which the author of the "Sefer Asufot" quotes several passages. His decisions and interpretations are also referred to in the "Sefer ha-Hashlamah" of his nephew, Rabbi Meshullam, who calls him "ḥakam" for his general knowledge.
Isaac ben Abraham, also called Rabbi Isaac ha-Baḥur and by its Hebrew acronym RIBA (ריב"א) or RIẒBA (ריצב"א), was a tosafist of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.
Todros is a Medieval Sephardic surname and given name that derives from the Greek “Theodoros”, which means "gift/present of God". In some cases, Todros is a literal translation of the Hebrew biblical male name Natan-El.
References
- Jacobs, Joseph; Broydé, Isaac (1906). "Todros ben Meshullam ben David (called also Todros Todrosi)". Jewish Encyclopedia . Vol. 12. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co. pp. 173–174.
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