Tomb paintings of Sindh are paintings found dispersed throughout tombs in the Sindh province of Pakistan. [1]
Tomb paintings of Sindh are paintings found dispersed throughout tombs in the Sindh province of Pakistan. [1]
The wall paintings are found mainly in the Shahdadkot tehsil of Qamber-Shahdadkot district, but also found in Dadu and Sanghar and other districts of Sindh as well. [1]
During the Kalhora period (1701–1783) wall paintings became common. They often depicted folk tales, scenes from rustic life, the tribal chiefs and their battles. [2]
The Jamali tombs Larkana and Qamber-Shahdadkot, are famous for the paintings, which depict the romances of Sassui Punnhun, Momal Rano, Suhni Mehar, Layla and Majnun and Noori Jam Tamachi.
The Sindhian art of painting and designing has its roots in history from Mohanjodaro and Amri civilizations. The art of painting on walls of monuments splendidly flourished in Sindh, formerly known as the Kalhora period. Kalhoras ruled over Sindh up to 1782 AD and were succeeded by Talpur Amirs who ruled up to 1843 AD. Both the ruling tribes were more interested regarding architecture and painting the walls of memorial buildings. [3]
The tomb of Kalhora ruler Mian Noor Muhammad Kalhoro is one of the glorious instances of gorgeous artwork of Sindhian painters.The distinctive feature of the funerary monuments is the use of ceramics and mural paintings therein (Kalhoro 2002, 2003, 2004). The tombs which are located in Upper Sindh (comprising the districts of Larkana and Dadu) are mainly adorned with paintings. Nevertheless, a few tombs are also adorned with ceramics. A few tombs which are located in the districts of Sanghar and Nawab Shah in Central Sindh are decorated with mural paintings that mainly represent folk romances. This tradition of decorating with folk-romance paintings spread from the districts of Dadu and Larkana to Nawabshah and Sanghar. [4]
The tomb celebrate the life of the person interred and the paintings bear clear likeness to the protagonists. There are hunting scenes, battle scenes, peeks into domestic life and representations of the many love tales so fancied by any Sindhi. [5] The Kalhoras believed to have been built many tombs for themselves and their soldiers. The tombs of the Kalhora rulers depict floral and geometric designs whereas the soldiers’ tombs bear figural representations [6]
The Sindhi tombs depict folk romances of not only Suhni and Mehar but also those of Sasui and Punhun, Leela and Chanesar, Laila and Majnun, Moomal and Rano, Umar and Marvi and Nuri and Jam Tamachi. However, the mural paintings of the folk tale associated with Suhni and Mehar are a distinctly common visual feature in every 'nook and corner' of Sindh wherever the Kalhora and Talpur period tombs are located. This reflects the liberal attitude held by the rulers who patronised the art of creating mural paintings. [7]
We find the earliest paintings in the tombs of Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro (1657-1692). They depict leopard and deer hunting. Two tombs in the Muridani Jamali necropolis in Johi, Dadu district are particularly spectacular. In one of the tombs, there are three panels which show the hunters on horseback hunting deer and the hunters are shown with shotguns. [8]
Dadu, is a city and the capital of Dadu District located in Sindh, Pakistan. The city is located on the western bank of River Indus and is administratively subdivided into three Union councils.
Shahdadpur is a city, located in Sanghar District, Sindh, Pakistan.
The Kalhora is a Sindhi Sammat clan in Sindh, Pakistan.
Larkana District is a district of the Sindh province of Pakistan. Its largest city is Larkana, which sits on the banks of the Indus River. It is the home district of the influential Bhutto family.
Dadu District, is a district of Sindh Province, Pakistan. With headquarters the city of Dadu, the district was created in 1931 by merging Kotri and Mahal Kohistan tehsils from Karachi District and Mehar, Khairpur Nathan Shah, Dadu, Johi and Sehwan tehsils from Larkana District. In 2004, several talukas in the south were split off to create the new Jamshoro District. Its boundary touches with four districts of Sindh i.e. Jamshoro, Naushahro Feroze, Shaheed Benazirabad and Kamber Shahdadkot.
Qambar Shahdadkot District is a district of Sindh, Pakistan, originally named after Shahdad Khan Khuhawar the official founder. District Qambar Shahdadkot, with headquarters at Qambar, was established on 13 December 2004.
Sohni Mahiwal or Suhni Mehar is one of the seven popular tragic romances of Sindh. The other six are Umar Marvi, Momal Rano, Sassui Punnhun, Lilan Chanesar, Sorath Rai Diyach, and Noori Jam Tamachi. In Punjab, it is four of the most popular romances. The other three are Heer Ranjha, Sassui Punnhun and Mirza Sahiban.
Sindhi literature is the collection of oral and written literature in the Sindhi language in prose and poetry. The Sindhi language of the province of Sindh in Pakistan is considered one of the oldest languages of ancient India, and influenced the language of Indus Valley inhabitants. Sindhi literature has developed over a thousand years.
Larkana is the fourth largest city in Sindh Province, Pakistan. It is located in Larkana District and is a thickly populated city which is growing rapidly. In August 2000, Larkana celebrated its hundredth year of existence.
Noori Jam Tamachi is a folktale in the Sindhi folklore dating back to the 15th century.
Shahdadkot is the most populated and largest Tehsil of Qambar Shahdadkot District of Sindh, Pakistan. It was named after the town founder Shahdad Khan Khuhawar. It is located around 51 kilometres northwest of Larkana and 34 kilometers north of Qambar. The town is in close proximity to three districts of Balochistan namely Khuzdar, Jhal Magsi and Jaffarabad in the west and north of the district. It is linked on the M8 motorway route between Gwadar and Ratodero.
Khudabad is a city in Dadu District, Sindh, Pakistan. It served as capital of the Kalhora dynasty between 1719 and 1768, when the capital was shifted to Hyderabad.
Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro was a predecessor of the Kalhora dynasty. He was succeeded by his son Deen Muhammad. Nasir's tomb is sited in Dadu District, Khairpur Nathan Shah near the village of Garhi in Sindh, Pakistan.
Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro was the subahdar of parts of Sindh, which he governed between 1701 and 1719. He was the first governor of the Kalhora dynasty and ruled for 18 years. In the initial nine years of his reign, Yar Muhammad expanded the territory under his dominion. The latter part of his rule was dedicated to solidifying his authority. He was given the title of Nawab by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
Sorath Rai Diyach is a romantic folktale in Sindhi and Gujarati folklore. The story also appears in Shah Jo Risalo and forms part of seven popular tragic romances from Sindh. The other six tales are Umar Marvi, Sassui Punnhun, Sohni Mehar, Lilan Chanesar, Noori Jam Tamachi and Momal Rano commonly known as the Seven Queens of Sindh, or the Seven heroines of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai.
Sijawal Junejo is a taluka of Qambar Shahdadkot District, division Larkana, Province of Sindh, Pakistan. It was established in 2004 when district Qambar Shahdadkot District was newly established. Sijawal Old Name was Sujawal Taluka. At the time of British Government Sujawal was taluka of District Shikarpur from approximately 1876 City was created by Hindus, After the partition the Hindus migrated to India, and then other castes, including Arian, Junejo & Magsi etc, started to arrive. Sijawal name was changed to Sijawal Junejo in year 2000 name was suggested by UC Nazim of that time.
Shah Baharo was a warrior, a military commander of Kalhora dynasty of Sindh, now a province of Pakistan, during the monarchy of Noor Mohammad Kalhoro and Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro. He also remained minister of Mian Noor Muhammad Kalhoro. it is as well mentioned that he had been appointed as administrator by Mian Noor Muhammad Kalhoro. He fought 84 battles in his lifetime. He had dug many canals for irrigation purposes and also constructed forts. He died in 1188 H, 1735 AD and over his burial place the tomb was built by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro in 1773/74 AD. The fresco paintings adorn the inner and outer walls of the tomb but now became dim. His tomb is located in Larkana city, Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan.
Tilla Shah Graveyard Sindhi( تلا شاهه قبرستان) Urdu is historical burial place of Kalhora dynasty and Talpur dynasty which is located nearby village Naonabad, Taluka Jam Nawaz Ali, Sanghar District, Sindh Pakistan.
Drigh Bala is a historical town in Johi Taluka of Dadu District, Sindh, Pakistan, located in Kachho desert near the Nai Gaj, established by Talpur Amirs during early Kalhora period. The graveyard of Mir Allahyar Talpur-I is situated close to this town. This necropolis of Kalhora Dynasty and Talpur Dynasty is a historical heritage of Sindh near this town. The education facility is available in the town at secondary level. The Rural Health Center is working as well.
Zulfiqar Ali Kalhoro .(Sindhi: ڊاڪٽر ذوالفقار علي ڪلهوڙو) is a Pakistani anthropologist and research scholar and author. He works at the Pakistan Institute of Development Echonamics (PIDE) Islamabad.
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