Tombusvirus internal replication element (IRE)

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Tombusvirus internal replication element (IRE)

RF00510.jpg

Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of Tombus_IRE
Identifiers
Symbol Tombus_IRE
Rfam RF00510
Other data
RNA type Cis-reg
Domain(s) Viruses
SO 0000233

In virology, the tombusvirus internal replication element (IRE) is a segment of RNA located within the region coding for p92 polymerase. This element is essential for viral replication; specifically, it is thought to be required at an early stage of replication, such as template recruitment and/or replicase complex assembly. [1]

Virology study of viruses

Virology is the study of viruses – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat – and virus-like agents. It focuses on the following aspects of viruses: their structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy. Virology is considered to be a subfield of microbiology or of medicine.

RNA family of large biological molecules

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome.

Viral replication formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells

Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. Through the generation of abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies, the virus continues infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm.

Other non-coding RNA structures in Tombusvirus include the 3' UTR region IV [2] and 5' UTR. [3] [4]

Non-coding RNA class of RNA

A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. The DNA sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene. Abundant and functionally important types of non-coding RNAs include transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, scaRNAs and the long ncRNAs such as Xist and HOTAIR.

Tombusvirus 3 UTR region IV

Tombusvirus 3' UTR is an important cis-regulatory region of the Tombus virus genome.

Tombusvirus 5 UTR

Tombusvirus 5' UTR is an important cis-regulatory region of the Tombus virus genome.

Related Research Articles

Defective interfering particle

In virology, defective interfering particles (DIPs), also known as defective interfering viruses, are spontaneously generated virus mutants in which a critical portion of the particle's genome has been lost due to defective replication or non-homologous recombination. The mechanism of their formation is presumed to be as a result of template-switching during replication of the viral genome, although non-replicative mechanisms involving direct ligation of genomic RNA fragments has also been proposed. DIPs are derived from and associated with their parent virus, and particles are classed as DIPs if they are rendered non-infectious due to at least one essential gene of the virus being lost or severely damaged as a result of the defection. A DIP can usually still penetrate host cells, but requires another fully functional virus particle to co-infect a cell with it, in order to provide the lost factors. DIPs were first observed as early as the 1950s by Von Magnus and Schlesinger, both working with influenza viruses. However, the formalization of DIPs terminology was in 1970 by Huang and Baltimore when they noticed the presence of ‘stumpy’ particles of vesicular stomatitis virus in electron micrographs. Defective Interfering Particles can occur within nearly every class of both DNA and RNA viruses both in clinical and laboratory settings including poliovirus, SARS coronavirus, measles, alphaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus.

A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA (~7.5kb) viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid. Its genome does not have a lipid membrane. Picornaviruses are found in mammals and birds. There are currently 80 species in this family, divided among 35 genera. Notable example are Enterovirus, Aphthovirus, Cardiovirus, and Hepatovirus genera. The viruses in this family can cause a range of diseases including paralysis, meningitis, hepatitis and poliomyelitis. Picornaviruses are in Baltimore IV class. Their genome single-stranded (+) sense RNA is what functions as mRNA after entry into the cell and all viral mRNA synthesized is of genome polarity. The mRNA encodes RNA dependent RNA polymerase. This polymerase makes complementary minus strands of RNA, then uses them as templates to make more plus strands. So, an overview of the steps in picornavirus replication are in order: attachment, entry, translation, transcription/genome replication, assembly and exit.

Tombusviridae is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. There are currently 71 species in this family, divided among 13 genera. The name is derived from the type species of the genus Tombusvirus, tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV).

Tomato bushy stunt virus species of virus

Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) is a virus that is the type species of the tombusvirus family. It was first reported in tomatoes in 1935 and primarily affects vegetable crops, though it is not generally considered an economically significant plant pathogen. Depending upon the host, TBSV causes stunting of growth, leaf mottling, and deformed or absent fruit. The virus is likely to be soil-borne in the natural setting, but can also transmitted mechanically, for example through contaminated cutting tools. TBSV has been used as a model system in virology research on the life cycle of plant viruses, particularly in experimental infections of the model host plant Nicotiana benthamiana.

Coronavirus SL-III cis-acting replication element

The coronavirus SL-III cis-acting replication element (CRE) is an RNA element that regulates defective interfering (DI) RNA replication.

Enterovirus cis-acting replication element

Enterovirus cis-acting replication element is a small RNA hairpin in the coding region of protein 2C as the site in PV1(M) RNA that is used as the primary template for the in vitro uridylylation. The first step in the replication of the plus-stranded poliovirus RNA is the synthesis of a complementary minus strand. This process is initiated by the covalent attachment of uridine monophosphate (UMP) to the terminal protein VPg, yielding VPgpU and VPgpUpU.

Hepatitis A virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES)

This family represents the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of the hepatitis A virus. HAV IRES is a 450 nucleotide long sequence located in the 735 nt long 5’ UTR of Hepatitis A viral RNA genome. IRES elements allow cap and end-independent translation of mRNA in the host cell. The IRES achieves this by mediating the internal initiation of translation by recruiting a ribosomal 40S pre-initiation complex directly to the initiation codon and eliminates the requirement for eukaryotic initiation factor, eIF4F.

Hepatitis C virus cis-acting replication element

The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) cis-acting replication element (CRE) is an RNA element which is found in the coding region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. Mutations in this family have been found to cause a blockage in RNA replication and it is thought that both the primary sequence and the structure of this element are crucial for HCV RNA replication.

Hepatitis C virus stem-loop VII

Hepatitis C virus stem-loop VII is a regulatory element found in the coding region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene, NS5B. Similarly to stem-loop IV, the stem-loop structure is important for colony formation, though its exact function and mechanism are unknown.

Tombus virus defective interfering (DI) RNA region 3

Tombus virus defective interfering (DI) RNA region 3 is an important cis-regulatory region identified in the 3' UTR of Tombusvirus defective interfering particles (DI).

Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Tombusviridae. It was first isolated from turnip. TCV is a small, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. It has been shown to infect various types of plant species including the common plant model, Arabidopsis thaliana. Its gRNA encodes for five proteins: p28 and p88 (replication), p8 and p9 (movement) and CP. The structure of the virus was determined to 3.2 Ångstrom resolution using x-ray crystallography in 1986. It is structurally quite similar to the tomato bushy stunt virus.

Red clover necrotic mosaic virus translation enhancer elements

Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) contains several structural elements present within the 3' and 5' untranslated regions (UTR) of the genome that enhance translation. In eukaryotes transcription is a prerequisite for translation. During transcription the pre-mRNA transcript is processes where a 5' cap is attached onto mRNA and this 5' cap allows for ribosome assembly onto the mRNA as it acts as a binding site for the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4F. Once eIF4F is bound to the mRNA this protein complex interacts with the poly(A) binding protein which is present within the 3' UTR and results in mRNA circularization. This multiprotein-mRNA complex then recruits the ribosome subunits and scans the mRNA until it reaches the start codon. Transcription of viral genomes differs from eukaryotes as viral genomes produce mRNA transcripts that lack a 5’ cap site. Despite lacking a cap site viral genes contain a structural element within the 5’ UTR known as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). IRES is a structural element that recruits the 40s ribosome subunit to the mRNA within close proximity of the start codon.

In molecular biology, a cap-independent translation element is an RNA sequence found in the 3'UTR of many RNA plant viruses.

In molecular biology, the Hepatitis A virus cis-acting replication element (CRE) is an RNA element which is found in the coding region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is larger than the CREs found in related Picornavirus species, but is thought to be functionally similar. It is thought to be involved in uridylylation of VPg.

In molecular biology, the Avian encephalitis virus cis-acting replication element (CRE) is an s an RNA element which is found in the coding region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Avian encephalitis virus (AEV). It is structurally similar to the Hepatitis A virus cis-acting replication element.

<i>Rhopalosiphum padi virus</i> species of virus

Rhopalosiphum padi virus (RhPV) is a member of Dicistroviridae family, which includes cricket paralysis virus (CrPV), Plautia stali intestine virus and Drosophila C virus. Its 5'UTR region contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element with a cross-kingdom activity. It can function efficiently in mammalian, plant and insect translation systems.

References

  1. ↑ Monkewich, S; Lin HX; Fabian MR; Xu W; Na H; Ray D; Chernysheva OA; Nagy PD; White KA (2005). "The p92 Polymerase Coding Region Contains an Internal RNA Element Required at an Early Step in Tombusvirus Genome Replication". J Virol. 79 (8): 4848–4858. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.8.4848-4858.2005. PMC   1069561  Lock-green.svg. PMID   15795270.
  2. ↑ Fabian MR, Na H, Ray D, White KA (2003). "3'-Terminal RNA secondary structures are important for accumulation of tomato bushy stunt virus DI RNAs". Virology. 313 (2): 567–80. doi:10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00349-0. PMID   12954222.
  3. ↑ Wu B, Vanti WB, White KA (2001). "An RNA domain within the 5' untranslated region of the tomato bushy stunt virus genome modulates viral RNA replication". J. Mol. Biol. 305 (4): 741–56. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4298. PMID   11162089.
  4. ↑ Ray D, Na H, White KA (2004). "Structural properties of a multifunctional T-shaped RNA domain that mediate efficient tomato bushy stunt virus RNA replication". J. Virol. 78 (19): 10490–500. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.19.10490-10500.2004. PMC   516415  Lock-green.svg. PMID   15367615.

Rfam is a database containing information about non-coding RNA (ncRNA) families and other structured RNA elements. It is an annotated, open access database originally developed at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in collaboration with Janelia Farm, and currently hosted at the European Bioinformatics Institute. Rfam is designed to be similar to the Pfam database for annotating protein families.


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