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A cancer vaccine, or oncovaccine, is a vaccine that either treats existing cancer or prevents development of cancer. Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer vaccines or tumor antigen vaccines. Some of the vaccines are "autologous", being prepared from samples taken from the patient, and are specific to that patient.
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncotherapy) is the stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer, improving the immune system's natural ability to fight the disease. It is an application of the fundamental research of cancer immunology (immuno-oncology) and a growing subspecialty of oncology.
An oncolytic virus is a virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells. As the infected cancer cells are destroyed by oncolysis, they release new infectious virus particles or virions to help destroy the remaining tumour. Oncolytic viruses are thought not only to cause direct destruction of the tumour cells, but also to stimulate host anti-tumour immune system responses. Oncolytic viruses also have the ability to affect the tumor micro-environment in multiple ways.
Virotherapy is a treatment using biotechnology to convert viruses into therapeutic agents by reprogramming viruses to treat diseases. There are three main branches of virotherapy: anti-cancer oncolytic viruses, viral vectors for gene therapy and viral immunotherapy. These branches use three different types of treatment methods: gene overexpression, gene knockout, and suicide gene delivery. Gene overexpression adds genetic sequences that compensate for low to zero levels of needed gene expression. Gene knockout uses RNA methods to silence or reduce expression of disease-causing genes. Suicide gene delivery introduces genetic sequences that induce an apoptotic response in cells, usually to kill cancerous growths. In a slightly different context, virotherapy can also refer more broadly to the use of viruses to treat certain medical conditions by killing pathogens.
Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is an attenuated (weakened) strain of the vaccinia virus. It is being used as a vaccine against smallpox and mpox, having fewer side effects than smallpox vaccines derived from other poxviruses.
Advaxis Inc. is an American company devoted to the discovery, development and commercialization of immunotherapies based on a technology platform which uses engineered Listeria monocytogenes. The company is headquartered in Princeton, New Jersey and was incorporated in Delaware in 2006.
Viral vectors are modified viruses designed to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside an organism or in cell culture. Viral vectors have widespread applications in basic research, agriculture, and medicine.
Cancer immunoprevention is the prevention of cancer onset with immunological means such as vaccines, immunostimulators or antibodies. Cancer immunoprevention is conceptually different from cancer immunotherapy, which aims at stimulating immunity in patients only after tumor onset, however the same immunological means can be used both in immunoprevention and in immunotherapy.
Oncolytics Biotech Inc. is a Canadian company headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, that is developing an intravenously delivered immuno-oncolytic virus called pelareorep for the treatment of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Pelareorep is a non-pathogenic, proprietary isolate of the unmodified reovirus that: induces selective tumor lysis and promotes an inflamed tumor phenotype through innate and adaptive immune responses.
Pelareorep is a proprietary isolate of the unmodified human reovirus being developed as a systemically administered immuno-oncological viral agent for the treatment of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Pelareorep is an oncolytic virus, which means that it preferentially lyses cancer cells. Pelareorep also promotes an inflamed tumor phenotype through innate and adaptive immune responses. Preliminary clinical trials indicate that it may have anti-cancer effects across a variety of cancer types when administered alone and in combination with other cancer therapies.
Neuvenge, Lapuleucel-T, is a therapeutic cancer vaccine (TCV) in development by Dendreon (DNDN). It uses the "immunotherapy platform approach" first successfully demonstrated on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved TCV Provenge. It was first tested on breast cancer patients with tumors expressing HER2/neu, and is now scheduled to be tested on bladder cancer patients.
JX-594 is an oncolytic virus is designed to target and destroy cancer cells. It is also known as Pexa-Vec, INN pexastimogene devacirepvec) and was constructed in Dr. Edmund Lattime's lab at Thomas Jefferson University, tested in clinical trials on melanoma patients, and licensed and further developed by SillaJen.
Jennerex Biotherapeutics, Inc. was an American private biopharmaceutical company that developed the oncolytic viruses JX-594 and JX-929 among others. By creating oncolytic viruses that can (1) kill tumor cells directly through lysis, (2) activate the immune system by delivering genes that encode immunostimulants and by overcoming tumor cell-induced immunological tolerance, and (3) reduce tumor nutrient supply through the destruction of blood vessels, Jennerex aimed to create a novel approach to treating and possibly curing cancer.
Talimogene laherparepvec, sold under the brand name Imlygic among others, is a biopharmaceutical medication used to treat melanoma that cannot be operated on; it is injected directly into a subset of lesions which generates a systemic immune response against the recipient's cancer. The final four year analysis from the pivotal phase 3 study upon which TVEC was approved by the FDA showed a 31.5% response rate with a 16.9% complete response (CR) rate. There was also a substantial and statistically significant survival benefit in patients with earlier metastatic disease and in patients who hadn't received prior systemic treatment for melanoma. The earlier stage group had a reduction in the risk of death of approximately 50% with one in four patients appearing to have met, or be close to be reaching, the medical definition of cure. Real world use of talimogene laherparepvec have shown response rates of up to 88.5% with CR rates of up to 61.5%.
Adenovirus varieties have been explored extensively as a viral vector for gene therapy and also as an oncolytic virus.
GL-ONC1 is an investigational therapeutic product consisting of the clinical grade formulation of the laboratory strain GLV-1h68, an oncolytic virus developed by Genelux Corporation. GL-ONC1 is currently under evaluation in Phase I/II human clinical trials in the United States and Europe.
Genelux Corporation is a publicly traded late clinical-stage company developing a pipeline of next-generation oncolytic viral immunotherapies for patients suffering from aggressive and/or difficult-to-treat solid tumor types. The Company’s most advanced product candidate, Olvi-Vec, is a proprietary, modified strain of the vaccinia virus (VACV), a stable DNA virus with a large engineering capacity.
Enadenotucirev is an investigational oncolytic virus that is in clinical trials for various cancers.
SillaJen, Inc. is a South Korea-based biotechnology company, with offices in Busan, Yangsan and Seoul, South Korea, and San Francisco, California.
A therapeutic vaccine is a vaccine which is administered after a disease or infection has already occurred. A therapeutic vaccine works by activating the immune system of a patient to fight an infection. A therapeutic vaccine differs from a prophylactic vaccine in that prophylactic vaccines are administered to individuals as a precautionary measure to avoid the infection or disease while therapeutic vaccines are administered after the individual is already affected by the disease or infection. A therapeutic vaccine fights an existing infection in the body rather than immunizing the body for protection against future diseases and infections. Therapeutic vaccines are mostly used against viral infections. Patients affected with chronic viral infections are administered with therapeutic vaccines, as their immune system is not able to produce enough efficient antibodies.
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- ↑ "CureVac hires GSK Vaccines veteran Blanc as CBO and chief commercial officer; plus moves at Spero, 4D, Transgene, Achilles and Datavant". BioCentury. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
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- ↑ Foloppe, Johann; Kempf, Juliette; Futin, Nicolas; Kintz, Jacqueline; Cordier, Pascale; Pichon, Christelle; Findeli, Annie; Vorburger, Fabien; Quemeneur, Eric; Erbs, Philippe (September 2019). "The Enhanced Tumor Specificity of TG6002, an Armed Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Deleted in Two Genes Involved in Nucleotide Metabolism". Molecular Therapy - Oncolytics. 14: 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.omto.2019.03.005. PMC 6461584 . PMID 31011628.
- ↑ Gallardo, Franck; Schmitt, Doris; Brandely, Renée; Brua, Catherine; Silvestre, Nathalie; Findeli, Annie; Foloppe, Johann; Top, Sokunthea; Kappler-Gratias, Sandrine; Quentin-Froignant, Charlotte; Morin, Renaud; Lagarde, Jean-Michel; Bystricky, Kerstin; Bertagnoli, Stéphane; Erbs, Philippe (26 November 2020). "Fluorescent Tagged Vaccinia Virus Genome Allows Rapid and Efficient Measurement of Oncolytic Potential and Discovery of Oncolytic Modulators". Biomedicines. 8 (12): 543. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines8120543 . PMC 7760631 . PMID 33256205.
- ↑ Kleinpeter, Patricia; Fend, Laetitia; Thioudellet, Christine; Geist, Michel; Sfrontato, Nathalie; Koerper, Véronique; Fahrner, Catherine; Schmitt, Doris; Gantzer, Murielle; Remy-Ziller, Christelle; Brandely, Renée; Villeval, Dominique; Rittner, Karola; Silvestre, Nathalie; Erbs, Philippe; Zitvogel, Laurence; Quéméneur, Eric; Préville, Xavier; Marchand, Jean-Baptiste (2 October 2016). "Vectorization in an oncolytic vaccinia virus of an antibody, a Fab and a scFv against programmed cell death -1 (PD-1) allows their intratumoral delivery and an improved tumor-growth inhibition". OncoImmunology. 5 (10): e1220467. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2016.1220467. PMC 5087307 . PMID 27853644.
- ↑ "Transgene, NEC, BostonGene collaborate for ovarian and head & neck cancers trials". www.biospectrumasia.com.
- ↑ Bendjama, Kaïdre; Quemeneur, Eric (2 September 2017). "Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara-based vaccines in the era of personalized immunotherapy of cancer". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 13 (9): 1997–2003. doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1334746. PMC 5612284 . PMID 28846477.
- ↑ "NEC and Transgene announce a collaboration in the field of individualized cancer immunotherapy, leveraging NEC's AI and Transgene's myvac™ platform". NEC.
- ↑ "TG4001 HPV Cancer Vaccine".
- ↑ "In the clinic for March 11, 2021".
- ↑ Clinical trial number NCT03260023 for "Phase Ib/II of TG4001 and Avelumab in HPV16 Positive R/M Cancers" at ClinicalTrials.gov
- ↑ "Merck KGaA in Transgene cancer vaccine-checkpoint inhibitor test tie-up". 12 October 2016.
- ↑ Clinical trial number NCT03839524 for "A Trial Evaluating TG4050 in Ovarian Carcinoma" at ClinicalTrials.gov
- ↑ "In the clinic for June 28, 2021".
- ↑ Clinical trial number NCT04183166 for "A Clinical Trial Evaluating TG4050 in Head and Neck Cancer" at ClinicalTrials.gov
- ↑ "Gamechanging 'vaccine for cancer' trial begins in Liverpool". 27 June 2021.
- ↑ Foloppe, Johann; Kempf, Juliette; Futin, Nicolas; Kintz, Jacqueline; Cordier, Pascale; Pichon, Christelle; Findeli, Annie; Vorburger, Fabien; Quemeneur, Eric; Erbs, Philippe (27 September 2019). "The Enhanced Tumor Specificity of TG6002, an Armed Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Deleted in Two Genes Involved in Nucleotide Metabolism". Molecular Therapy - Oncolytics. 14: 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.omto.2019.03.005. PMC 6461584 . PMID 31011628.
- ↑ Foloppe, Johann; Kempf, Juliette; Futin, Nicolas; Kintz, Jacqueline; Cordier, Pascale; Pichon, Christelle; Findeli, Annie; Vorburger, Fabien; Quemeneur, Eric; Erbs, Philippe (27 September 2019). "The Enhanced Tumor Specificity of TG6002, an Armed Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Deleted in Two Genes Involved in Nucleotide Metabolism". Molecular Therapy - Oncolytics. 14: 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.omto.2019.03.005. PMC 6461584 . PMID 31011628.
- ↑ "First person enrolled in Phase I oncolytic virus trial".
- ↑ Clinical trial number NCT04725331 for "A Clinical Trial Assessing BT-001 Alone and in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Metastatic or Advanced Solid Tumors" at ClinicalTrials.gov
- ↑ "Regulatory actions for May 27, 2021".
- ↑ "BioInvent presents proof-of-concept data on anti-FcyRIIB antibody BI-1607 at AACR Annual Meeting 2021".
- ↑ "AstraZeneca ties up with France's Transgene to develop viral immunotherapies". Reuters. 2 May 2019.
- ↑ "Transgene's armed oncolytic virus technology draws AZ in potential five-product deal".
- ↑ "AstraZeneca adds oncolytic virus option through Transgene deal".