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Carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) is a medium access control (MAC) protocol in which a node verifies the absence of other traffic before transmitting on a shared transmission medium, such as an electrical bus or a band of the electromagnetic spectrum.
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer: the layer most closely associated with the physical connection between devices. The physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium. The shapes and properties of the electrical connectors, the frequencies to transmit on, the line code to use and similar low-level parameters, are specified by the physical layer.
Electronic test equipment is used to create signals and capture responses from electronic devices under test (DUTs). In this way, the proper operation of the DUT can be proven or faults in the device can be traced. Use of electronic test equipment is essential to any serious work on electronics systems.
Broadband over power lines (BPL) is a method of power-line communication (PLC) that allows relatively high-speed digital data transmission over public electric power distribution wiring. BPL uses higher frequencies, a wider frequency range, and different technologies compared to other forms of power-line communications to provide high-rate communication over longer distances. BPL uses frequencies that are part of the radio spectrum allocated to over-the-air communication services; therefore, the prevention of interference to, and from, these services is a very important factor in designing BPL systems.
Cab signaling is a railway safety system that communicates track status and condition information to the cab, crew compartment or driver's compartment of a locomotive, railcar or multiple unit. The information is continually updated giving an easy to read display to the train driver or engine driver.
Automatic test equipment or automated test equipment (ATE) is any apparatus that performs tests on a device, known as the device under test (DUT), equipment under test (EUT) or unit under test (UUT), using automation to quickly perform measurements and evaluate the test results. An ATE can be a simple computer-controlled digital multimeter, or a complicated system containing dozens of complex test instruments capable of automatically testing and diagnosing faults in sophisticated electronic packaged parts or on wafer testing, including system on chips and integrated circuits.
Automatic train control (ATC) is a general class of train protection systems for railways that involves a speed control mechanism in response to external inputs. For example, a system could effect an emergency brake application if the driver does not react to a signal at danger. ATC systems tend to integrate various cab signalling technologies and they use more granular deceleration patterns in lieu of the rigid stops encountered with the older automatic train stop (ATS) technology. ATC can also be used with automatic train operation (ATO) and is usually considered to be the safety-critical part of a railway system.
Most trains on the New York City Subway are manually operated. As of 2022, the system currently uses automatic block signaling, with fixed wayside signals and automatic train stops. Many portions of the signaling system were installed between the 1930s and 1960s. Because of the age of the subway system, many replacement parts are unavailable from signaling suppliers and must be custom-built for the New York City Transit Authority, which operates the subway. Additionally, some subway lines have reached their train capacity limits and cannot operate extra trains in the current system.
The Toronto subway uses a variety of signalling systems on its lines, consisting of a combination of fixed block signalling and moving block signalling technologies.
Instrument control consists of connecting a desktop instrument to a computer and taking measurements.
SelTrac is a digital railway signalling technology used to automatically control the movements of rail vehicles. It was the first fully automatic moving-block signalling system to be commercially implemented.
Positive train control (PTC) is a family of automatic train protection systems deployed in the United States. Most of the United States' national rail network mileage has a form of PTC. These systems are generally designed to check that trains are moving safely and to stop them when they are not.
Transmission balise-locomotive is a train protection system used in Belgium and on Hong Kong's East Rail line.
Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System (ACSES) is a positive train control cab signaling system developed by Alstom. The system is designed to prevent train-to-train collisions, protect against overspeed, and protect work crews with temporary speed restrictions. The information about permanent and temporary speed restrictions is transmitted to the train by transponders (Balises) lying in the track, coded track circuits and digital radio. It was installed beginning in 2000 on all of Amtrak's Northeast Corridor between Washington and Boston, and has been fully active since December 2015, a few months after the 2015 Philadelphia train derailment which it would have prevented.
Pulse code cab signaling is a form of cab signaling technology developed in the United States by the Union Switch and Signal corporation for the Pennsylvania Railroad in the 1920s. The 4-aspect system widely adopted by the PRR and its successor railroads has become the dominant railroad cab signaling system in North America with versions of the technology also being adopted in Europe and rapid transit systems. In its home territory on former PRR successor Conrail owned lines and on railroads operating under the NORAC Rulebook it is known simply as Cab Signaling System or CSS.
In transportation, collision avoidance is the maintenance of systems and practices designed to prevent vehicles from colliding with each other. They perceive the environment with sensors and prevent collisions using the data collected from the sensors. Collision avoidance is used in autonomous vehicles, aviation, trains and water transport. Examples of collision avoidance include:
The Chinese Train Control System is a train control system used on railway lines in People's Republic of China. CTCS is similar to the European Train Control System (ETCS).
In railway signalling, a moving block is a signalling block system where the blocks are defined in real time by computers as safe zones around each train. This requires both knowledge of the exact location and speed of all trains at any given time, and continual communication between the central signalling system and the train's cab signalling system. Moving block allows trains to run closer together while maintaining required safety margins, thereby increasing the line's overall capacity. It may be contrasted with fixed block signalling systems.
Communications-based train control (CBTC) is a railway signaling system that uses telecommunications between the train and track equipment for traffic management and infrastructure control. CBTC allows a train's position to be known more accurately than with traditional signaling systems. This can make railway traffic management safer and more efficient. Rapid transit system are able to reduce headways while maintaining or even improving safety.
Advanced Train Administration and Communications System (ATACS) is an Automatic Train Control (ATC) system developed by RTRI starting from 1995 and first introduced by JR East on the Senseki Line in 2011. It uses radio communication rather than traditional signals, and works as a moving block system.
References
- ↑ Farooq, Jahanzeb; Soler, José (2017). "Radio Communication for Communications-Based Train Control (CBTC): A Tutorial and Survey". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 19 (3): 1377–1402. doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2661384. S2CID 20403360 . Retrieved 2024-02-05.
- 1 2 Zhu, Li; Yu, Fei Richard; Ning, Bin; Tang, Tao (2012-07-09). "Handoff management in communication-based train control networks using stream control transmission protocol and IEEE 802.11p WLANs". EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. 2012 (1): 211. doi: 10.1186/1687-1499-2012-211 . ISSN 1687-1499.
- ↑ Tan, B. T. G. (March 2019). "The Physics of Railway Signalling". The Physics Educator. 01 (1): 1950001. doi:10.1142/S266133951950001X. ISSN 2661-3395.
- ↑ "An Introduction to Positive Train Control | Metrolink". metrolinktrains.com. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
- ↑ Cole, Rachel. "Research Guides: Rail Transportation: Positive Train Control". libguides.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
- ↑ Ogunsola, Ade; Reggiani, Ugo; Sandrolini, Leonardo (September 2007). "Demonstrating signalling compatibility between two train control systems". 2007 18th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility. IEEE. pp. 361–364. doi:10.1109/emczur.2007.4388270. ISBN 978-3-9523286-1-3.