Transvection (genetics)

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Transvection is an epigenetic phenomenon that results from an interaction between an allele on one chromosome and the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome. Transvection can lead to either gene activation or repression. [1] It can also occur between nonallelic regions of the genome as well as regions of the genome that are not transcribed.

The first observation of mitotic (i.e. non-meiotic) chromosome pairing was discovered via microscopy in 1908 by Nettie Stevens. [2] Edward B. Lewis at Caltech discovered transvection at the bithorax complex in Drosophila in the 1950s. [3] Since then, transvection has been observed at a number of additional loci in Drosophila, including white, decapentaplegic, eyes absent, vestigial, and yellow. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] As stated by Ed Lewis, "Operationally, transvection is occurring if the phenotype of a given genotype can be altered solely by disruption of somatic (or meiotic) pairing. Such disruption can generally be accomplished by introduction of a heterozygous rearrangement that disrupts pairing in the relevant region but has no position effect of its own on the phenotype" (cited by Ting Wu and Jim Morris 1999 [9] ). Recently, pairing-mediated phenomena have been observed in species other than Drosophila, including mice, humans, plants, nematodes, insects, and fungi. In light of these findings, transvection may represent a potent and widespread form of gene regulation. [10] [11]

Transvection appears to be dependent upon chromosome pairing. In some cases, if one allele is placed on a different chromosome by a translocation, transvection does not occur. Transvection can sometimes be restored in a translocation homozygote, where both alleles may once again be able to pair. Restoration of phenotype has been observed at bithorax, decapentaplegic, eyes absent, and vestigial, and with transgenes of white. In some cases, transvection between two alleles leads to intragenic complementation while disruption of transvection disrupts the complementation.

Transvection is believed to occur through a variety of mechanisms. In one mechanism, the enhancers of one allele activate the promoter of a paired second allele. Other mechanisms include pairing-sensitive silencing and enhancer bypass of a chromatin insulator through pairing-mediated changes in gene structure. [12] [13]

The physiological relevance of transvection has been, recently, documented in the context of sex-biased gene expression. In this case in Drosophila, transvection acts on the female X-linked gene, yellow, as it is homozygous in females (XX) versus hemizygous in males (XY). [14]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homologous chromosome</span> Chromosomes that pair in fertilization

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ting Wu</span> American geneticist

Chao-ting Wu is an American molecular biologist. After training at Harvard Medical School in genetics with William Gelbart, at Stanford Medical School with David Hogness, and in a fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital in molecular biology, Wu began her independent academic career as an assistant professor in Anatomy and Cellular Biology and then Genetics at Harvard Medical School in 1993. After a period as Professor of Pediatrics in the Division of Molecular Medicine at the Boston Children's Hospital, she returned to the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School as a full professor in 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homologous somatic pairing</span>

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References

  1. ↑ Galouzis, Charalampos Chrysovalantis; Prud’homme, Benjamin (2021-12-20). "Relevance and mechanisms of transvection". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 344 (4): 373–387. doi: 10.5802/crbiol.69 . ISSN   1768-3238. PMID   35787607. S2CID   245358216.
  2. ↑ Stevens NM (1908). "A study of the germ cells of certain Diptera with reference to the heterochromosomes and the phenomena of synapsis". J Exp Zool. 5 (3): 359–374. doi:10.1002/jez.1400050304.
  3. ↑ Lewis EB (1954). "The theory and application of a new method of detecting chromosomal rearrangements in Drosophila melanogaster". The American Naturalist. 88 (841): 225–239. doi:10.1086/281833. S2CID   222327165.
  4. ↑ Gelbart WM, Wu CT (Oct 1982). "Interactions of zeste mutations with loci exhibiting transvection effects in Drosophila melanogaster". Genetics. 102 (2): 179–89. doi:10.1093/genetics/102.2.179. PMC   1201932 . PMID   6818101.
  5. ↑ Duncan IW (2002). "Transvection effects in Drosophila". Annual Review of Genetics . 36: 521–56. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.36.060402.100441. PMID   12429702.
  6. ↑ Kennison JA, Southworth JW (2002). "Transvection in Drosophila". Adv. Genet. Advances in Genetics. 46: 399–420. doi:10.1016/S0065-2660(02)46014-2. ISBN   978-0-12-017646-5. PMID   11931232.
  7. ↑ Pirrotta V (July 1999). "Transvection and chromosomal trans-interaction effects". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1424 (1): M1–8. doi:10.1016/S0304-419X(99)00019-0. PMID   10456029.
  8. ↑ McKee BD (March 2004). "Homologous pairing and chromosome dynamics in meiosis and mitosis". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1677 (1–3): 165–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbaexp.2003.11.017. PMID   15020057.
  9. ↑ Wu CT, Morris JR (April 1999). "Transvection and other homology effects". Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 9 (2): 237–46. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(99)80035-5. PMID   10322135.
  10. ↑ Sandhu KS, Shi C, Sjölinder M, Zhao Z, Göndör A, Liu L, Tiwari VK, Guibert S, Emilsson L, Imreh MP, Ohlsson R (2009-11-15). "Nonallelic transvection of multiple imprinted loci is organized by the H19 imprinting control region during germline development". Genes & Development. 23 (22): 2598–603. doi:10.1101/gad.552109. PMC   2779760 . PMID   19933149.
  11. ↑ Rassoulzadegan M, Magliano M, Cuzin F (Feb 1, 2002). "Transvection effects involving DNA methylation during meiosis in the mouse". EMBO J. 21 (3): 440–50. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.3.440. PMC   125843 . PMID   11823436.
  12. ↑ Lee AM, Wu CT (Dec 2006). "Enhancer-promoter communication at the yellow gene of Drosophila melanogaster: diverse promoters participate in and regulate trans interactions". Genetics. 174 (4): 1867–80. doi:10.1534/genetics.106.064121. PMC   1698615 . PMID   17057235.
  13. ↑ Ou SA, Chang E, Lee S, So K, Wu CT, Morris JR (Oct 2009). "Effects of chromosomal rearrangements on transvection at the yellow gene of Drosophila melanogaster". Genetics. 183 (2): 483–96. doi:10.1534/genetics.109.106559. PMC   2766311 . PMID   19667134.
  14. ↑ Galouzis, Charalampos Chrysovalantis; Prud’homme, Benjamin (2021-01-22). "Transvection regulates the sex-biased expression of a fly X-linked gene". Science. 371 (6527): 396–400. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..396G. doi:10.1126/science.abc2745. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   33479152. S2CID   231666458.

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