Tustenuggee (tvstvnvke in Muscogee) was a Muscogee title for the war leader of a tribal town. [1] The tustenuggee was appointed by the micco (civil chief), and was responsible for leading the towns' warriors, advising the civil chief on matters relating to war, maintaining public order, and organizing stickball games with other towns. [2] Most Seminole leaders from the period of the Seminole Wars are known by their war titles, which were always Muscogee in form, no matter what their primary language was. [3] Tustenuggee has also become the surname of some descendants of Black Seminoles, probably from the association of an ancestor with a Seminole holding the title of tustenuggee. [4]
Most of the following tustenuggees are known from the first half of the 19th century in Florida, primarily from the Second Seminole War: