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Twin Prime Search (TPS) is a volunteer computing project that looks for large twin primes. [1] It uses the programs LLR (for primality testing) and NewPGen (for sieving). It was founded on April 13, 2006, by Michael Kwok. In number theory, it is conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes, and this is known as the twin prime conjecture.
TPS found a record twin prime, 2003663613 × 2195000 ± 1, on January 15, 2007, on a computer operated by Eric Vautier. It is 58,711 digits long, which made it the largest known twin prime at the time. The project worked in collaboration with PrimeGrid, [2] which did most of the LLR tests.
On August 6, 2009, those same two projects announced that a new record twin prime had been found. [3] The primes are 65516468355 × 2333333 ± 1, and have 100,355 digits. [4]
On December 25, 2011, Timothy D Winslow found the world's largest known twin primes 3756801695685 × 2666669 ± 1. [5]
As of February 2024 [update] , the current largest twin prime pair known is 2996863034895 · 21290000 ± 1, [6] with 388,342 decimal digits. It was discovered on September 14, 2016. [7]
TPS has two subprojects as of 2024 [update] . These subprojects include a variable twin search to find twins between 144,500 and 150,500 digits, and a search called the "Operation Megabit Twin" for primes larger than k × 21,000,000 ± 1. [8]
The Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS) is a collaborative project of volunteers who use freely available software to search for Mersenne prime numbers.
In mathematics, a Mersenne prime is a prime number that is one less than a power of two. That is, it is a prime number of the form Mn = 2n − 1 for some integer n. They are named after Marin Mersenne, a French Minim friar, who studied them in the early 17th century. If n is a composite number then so is 2n − 1. Therefore, an equivalent definition of the Mersenne primes is that they are the prime numbers of the form Mp = 2p − 1 for some prime p.
A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, 1 × 5 or 5 × 1, involve 5 itself. However, 4 is composite because it is a product (2 × 2) in which both numbers are smaller than 4. Primes are central in number theory because of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic: every natural number greater than 1 is either a prime itself or can be factorized as a product of primes that is unique up to their order.
A twin prime is a prime number that is either 2 less or 2 more than another prime number—for example, either member of the twin prime pair or (41, 43). In other words, a twin prime is a prime that has a prime gap of two. Sometimes the term twin prime is used for a pair of twin primes; an alternative name for this is prime twin or prime pair.
In number theory, a prime number p is a Sophie Germain prime if 2p + 1 is also prime. The number 2p + 1 associated with a Sophie Germain prime is called a safe prime. For example, 11 is a Sophie Germain prime and 2 × 11 + 1 = 23 is its associated safe prime. Sophie Germain primes and safe primes have applications in public key cryptography and primality testing. It has been conjectured that there are infinitely many Sophie Germain primes, but this remains unproven.
In number theory, a Sierpiński number is an odd natural number k such that is composite for all natural numbers n. In 1960, Wacław Sierpiński proved that there are infinitely many odd integers k which have this property.
In number theory, a Woodall number (Wn) is any natural number of the form
In mathematics, a Riesel number is an odd natural number k for which is composite for all natural numbers n. In other words, when k is a Riesel number, all members of the following set are composite:
In number theory, a Wieferich prime is a prime number p such that p2 divides 2p − 1 − 1, therefore connecting these primes with Fermat's little theorem, which states that every odd prime p divides 2p − 1 − 1. Wieferich primes were first described by Arthur Wieferich in 1909 in works pertaining to Fermat's Last Theorem, at which time both of Fermat's theorems were already well known to mathematicians.
In number theory, cousin primes are prime numbers that differ by four. Compare this with twin primes, pairs of prime numbers that differ by two, and sexy primes, pairs of prime numbers that differ by six.
73 (seventy-three) is the natural number following 72 and preceding 74. In English, it is the smallest natural number with twelve letters in its spelled out name.
The largest known prime number is 282,589,933 − 1, a number which has 24,862,048 digits when written in base 10. It was found via a computer volunteered by Patrick Laroche of the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS) in 2018.
In number theory, a Thabit number, Thâbit ibn Qurra number, or 321 number is an integer of the form for a non-negative integer n.
The no-three-in-line problem in discrete geometry asks how many points can be placed in the grid so that no three points lie on the same line. The problem concerns lines of all slopes, not only those aligned with the grid. It was introduced by Henry Dudeney in 1900. Brass, Moser, and Pach call it "one of the oldest and most extensively studied geometric questions concerning lattice points".
In number theory, Proth's theorem is a primality test for Proth numbers.
PrimeGrid is a volunteer computing project that searches for very large prime numbers whilst also aiming to solve long-standing mathematical conjectures. It uses the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. PrimeGrid offers a number of subprojects for prime-number sieving and discovery. Some of these are available through the BOINC client, others through the PRPNet client. Some of the work is manual, i.e. it requires manually starting work units and uploading results. Different subprojects may run on different operating systems, and may have executables for CPUs, GPUs, or both; while running the Lucas–Lehmer–Riesel test, CPUs with Advanced Vector Extensions and Fused Multiply-Add instruction sets will yield the fastest results for non-GPU accelerated workloads.
In number theory, primes in arithmetic progression are any sequence of at least three prime numbers that are consecutive terms in an arithmetic progression. An example is the sequence of primes, which is given by for .
In mathematics, the Lucas–Lehmer–Riesel test is a primality test for numbers of the form N = k ⋅ 2n − 1 with odd k < 2n. The test was developed by Hans Riesel and it is based on the Lucas–Lehmer primality test. It is the fastest deterministic algorithm known for numbers of that form. For numbers of the form N = k ⋅ 2n + 1, either application of Proth's theorem or one of the deterministic proofs described in Brillhart–Lehmer–Selfridge 1975 are used.
OProject@Home was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) and was based on a dedicated library OLib. The project was directed by Lukasz Swierczewski, an IT student at the College of Computer Science and Business Administration in Łomża, Computer Science and Automation Institute. As of 2016 it seems to have been abandoned.
A Proth number is a natural number N of the form where k and n are positive integers, k is odd and . A Proth prime is a Proth number that is prime. They are named after the French mathematician François Proth. The first few Proth primes are
PrimeGrid (2007) is currently running two subprojects: Primegen and Twin Prime Search. Primegen generates a public sequential prime number database. Twin Prime Search searches for large twin primes of the form k·2n + 1 and k·2n – l. ...