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Biafra, officially the Republic of Biafra, was a partially recognised country in West Africa that declared independence from Nigeria and existed from 1967 until 1970. Its territory consisted of the former Eastern Region of Nigeria, predominantly inhabited by the Igbo ethnic group. Biafra was established on 30 May 1967 by Igbo military officer and Eastern Region governor C. Odumegwu Ojukwu under his presidency, following a series of ethnic tensions and military coups after Nigerian independence in 1960 that culminated in the 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom. The Nigerian military proceeded in an attempt to reclaim the territory of Biafra, resulting in the start of the Nigerian Civil War. Biafra was officially recognised by Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, and Zambia while receiving de facto recognition and covert military support from France, Portugal, Israel, South Africa and Rhodesia. After nearly three years of war, during which around two million Biafran civilians died, president Ojukwu fled into exile in Ivory Coast as the Nigerian military approached the capital of Biafra. Philip Effiong became the second president of Biafra, and he oversaw the surrender of Biafran forces to Nigeria.
The Igbo people are an ethnic group in Nigeria. They are primarily found in Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo States. Ethnic Igbo populations are found in Cameroon, Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea, as migrants as well as outside Africa. There has been much speculation about the origins of the Igbo people, which are largely unknown. The Igbo people are one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa.
Enugu is the capital city of Enugu State in Nigeria. It is located inland in the Southeastern part of Nigeria. According to the 2006 census, the city had a population of 820,000.
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is a Nigerian author who is regarded as a central figure in postcolonial feminist literature. She is the author of the award-winning novels Purple Hibiscus (2003), Half of a Yellow Sun (2006) and Americanah (2013). Her other works include the book essays We Should All Be Feminists (2014); Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions (2017); a memoir tribute to her father, Notes on Grief (2021); and a children's book, Mama's Sleeping Scarf (2023).
The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, was a civil war fought between Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra, a secessionist state which had declared its independence from Nigeria in 1967. Nigeria was led by General Yakubu Gowon, and Biafra by Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka "Emeka" Odumegwu Ojukwu. The conflict resulted from political, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions which preceded the United Kingdom's formal decolonisation of Nigeria from 1960 to 1963. Immediate causes of the war in 1966 included a military coup, a counter-coup, and anti-Igbo pogroms in the Northern Region. The pogroms and the exodus of surviving Igbos from the Northern Region to the Igbo homelands in the Eastern Region led the leadership of the Eastern Region to conclude that the Nigerian federal government would not protect them and that they must protect themselves in an independent Biafra.
Anambra State is a Nigerian state located in the South-eastern region of the country. The state was created on 27 August 1991. Anambra state is bounded by Delta State to the west, Imo State and Rivers State to the south, Enugu State to the east and Kogi State to the north. The state's capital is Awka, while the state’s largest city is Onitsha which is regarded as one of the largest metropolis in Africa. Nnewi is the second largest commercial and industrial city in Anambra State, and also a known automobile hub within Nigeria and Africa.
Owerri is the capital city of Imo State in Nigeria, set in the heart of Igboland. It is also the state's largest city, followed by Orlu, Okigwe and Ohaji/Egbema. Owerri consists of three Local Government Areas including Owerri Municipal, Owerri North and Owerri West, it has an estimated population of 1,401,873 as of 2016 and is approximately 100 square kilometres (40 sq mi) in area. Owerri is bordered by the Otamiri River to the east and the Nworie River to the south. The Owerri Slogan is Heartland. It is also called the Las Vegas of Africa, due to the night life of the city and the numerous hotels, casino and leisure parks all over the city.
Enugu State is a state in the South-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria, bordered to the north by the states of Benue and Kogi, Ebonyi State to the east and southeast, Abia State to the south, and Anambra State to the west. The state takes its name from its capital and largest city, Enugu. The city acquired township status in 1917 and was called Enugwu-Ngwo. Due to the rapid expansion towards areas owned by other indigenous communities, it was renamed Enugu in 1928.
Igbo land, east is the indigenous homeland of the Igbo people. It is a cultural and common linguistic region in southeastern Nigeria. Geographically, it is divided into two sections by the: an eastern and western.Its population is characterized by the diverse Igbo culture and the settlers in their newly founded land.
The flag of Biafra, used by the Republic of Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), consists of a horizontal tricolour of red, black, and green, charged with a golden rising sun over a golden bar. The eleven rays of the sun represent the eleven former provinces of Biafra. The rays are typically long and slender with the lowest rays being nearly horizontal and the remaining rays spread evenly between.
Anti-Igbo sentiment encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings towards the Igbo people. The Igbo people make up a sizeable portion of south-eastern Nigeria and a part of the South South and Middle Belt zones. Igbophobia can be observed in critical and hostile behaviour such as political and religious discrimination and violence towards Igbo people.
A series of massacres were committed against Igbo people and other people of southern Nigerian origin living in northern Nigeria starting in May 1966 and reaching a peak after 29 September 1966. Between 8,000 and 30,000 Igbos and easterners have been estimated to have been killed. A further 1 million Igbos fled the Northern Region into the East. In response to the killings some northerners were massacred in Port Harcourt and other eastern cities. These events led to the secession of the eastern Nigerian region and the declaration of the Republic of Biafra, which ultimately led to the Nigeria-Biafra war.
Frank Nnaemeka Nweke Jr is a Nigerian Politician, Entrepreneur, Teacher and Social Innovator. He is a two-time Federal Minister in Nigeria and former Director General, Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG). He is currently a member of the All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) and vied for the position of Governor of Enugu in the 2023 Nigerian General Election, upon emerging the party candidate at the primary election in May 2022.
The fall of Enugu was a military conflict between Nigerian and Biafran forces in September and October 1967 during the Nigerian Civil War which centered around Enugu, the capital of the secessionist Republic of Biafra. Nigerian federal forces had made Enugu's capture a priority shortly after war broke out, but their advance stalled at Nsukka. Biafran president and leader Odumegwu Ojukwu, attempted to distract the Nigerian Army by initiating an invasion of Nigeria's Mid-Western Region in August, but the offensive was brought to a halt. Lieutenant Colonel Theophilus Danjuma took charge of the Nigerian forces at the Nsukka front and prepared to advance on Enugu with seven battalions of the 1st Division. Enugu was garrisoned by one brigade led by Colonel Alexander Madiebo and poorly armed civilians called into service. Danjuma decided to launch an offensive with his forces spread over a broad front to make it more difficult for the Biafrans to block them along major roads as had happened up to that point.
The Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) is a separatist group in Nigeria that aims to restore the defunct Republic of Biafra, a country which seceded from Nigeria in 1967 prior to the Nigerian Civil War and was subsequently dissolved following its defeat in 1970. Since 2021, IPOB and other Biafran separatist groups have been fighting a low-level guerilla conflict in southeastern Nigeria against the Nigerian government. The group was founded in 2012 by Nnamdi Kanu who has been the leader and Uche Mefor, who served as the deputy leader. It is
Igbo nationalism is a range of ethnic nationalist ideologies relating to the Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria. While the term is defined as seeking Igbo self-determination by some, others argue that it refers to the preservation and revival of Igbo culture and, for others, the development of Igboland stemming from the philosophy, Aku luo uno, which means "wealth builds the home".
Sandra Sopuluchukwu Ezekwesili is a Nigerian broadcast journalist, radio host, brand communications executive, and media personality. She is best known for her role as the former anchor of the "Hard Facts" show on Nigeria Info FM Lagos. In August 2023, she resigned after advancing to the position of Group Brand Manager for Nigeria Info FM stations nationwide within the AIM Group, which owns Cool FM Nigeria, Wazobia FM, and Nigeria Info. Her advocacy for women's rights and issues earned her the Her Network Woman of the Year in Journalism award in 2021.
The 2023 Enugu State gubernatorial election took place on 18th March 2023, to elect the Governor of Enugu State, with Peter Mbah declared winner alongside his running mate Barrister Ifeanyi Ossai of the Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria), after they got the plurality of votes and won over 25% of the votes in two-third of the state. Mr Mbah polled 160,895 votes to defeat his closest challenger, the Labour Party (Nigeria) candidate, Chijioke Edeoga, who scored 157,552 votes. The candidate of the All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA), Frank Nweke Jr, garnered 17,983 votes to come a distant third, while the candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC), Uche Nnaji, placed fourth, with 14,575 votes. The election was contested in the Tribunal by Chijoike Edeoga but the tribunal eventually upheld the victory of Peter Mbah.
Emeka Patrick Nwabueze is the first Emeritus Professor of Theatre and Film Studies of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka in Enugu State, southeastern part of Nigeria. He is also a former dean of Faculty of Arts and ex- director of African studies of the institution.
Amarachi Attamah-Ugwu is a Nigerian Chant Performance artist, writer, poet, broadcaster, and an advocate for the preservation of the Igbo language from extinction. She is an Igbo language Instructor in the Harvard African Language Program, department of African and African American studies, Harvard University. She is also an Igbo language instructor in the Directed Independent Language Program (DILP), at the Yale center for language study, Yale University. In 2023, she won a grant of $4000 from the Mark and Pearle Clements Internship Award in Syracuse University to support her independent research work: "Museum mapping of Igbo masks in United States and indigenous conceptualization". She was a presenter in the Enugu State Broadcasting Service, and the vice president of the Association of Nigerian Authors. As a chant artist, she has performed in Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, the United States and the United Kingdom. Attamah is the executive director of Nwadioramma Concept and founder of OJA Cultural Development Initiative. In 2020, she made a poetic documentary of the abandoned heroes of the Biafran war, entitled, Ogbunigwe. She also made another documentary about the horrors of the Biafran war as told by war veterans entitled, "Biafuru". She is the author of Tomorrow's Twist (2007), My Broad Daydream (2011), Making A Difference (2014) and Akuko lfo Nnemochie Kooro m (2014), a collection of short stories in lgbo. In 2021, Attamah co-authored Elephant Tusk with Jeff Unaegbu and others. She is a member of the African Studies Association; Enugu Literary Society, and Association of Critical Heritage Studies.
References
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- ↑ "Eastern Nigerian International Film Festival holds maiden edition". The Nation (Nigeria) . December 6, 2020.
- ↑ Acho, Affa (2022-11-25). "Eastern Nigeria International Film Festival Holds In Enugu Nov 29". Leadership (Nigeria) . Retrieved 2024-09-09.
- ↑ Obi, Okwe (November 22, 2022). "Eastern Nigeria Int'l Film Festival holds Nov. 29". The Sun (Nigeria) .
- ↑ "Shirley Frimpong Manso, others awarded at 2017 Silicon Valley African Film Festival". Ghana Web. October 6, 2017.
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- ↑ BellaNaija.com (2020-11-05). "Register to attend the First Eastern Nigeria International Film Festival (ENIFF)| November 4th- 7th". BellaNaija. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
- ↑ Onikoyi, Ayo (November 19, 2023). "Frank Nweke, Emeka Mba, others throw weight on ENIFF". Vanguard (Nigeria) .
- ↑ Akukwe-Nwakalor, Ujuaku (2018-11-27). Our Stories Define Us . Retrieved 2024-09-10– via www.ted.com.
- ↑ Ajayi, Lekan (2017-10-04). "'Afia Attack', Survival Stories of Women in the Nigeria Civil War". BrandCrunch Nigeria. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
- ↑ "Afia Attack – The Untold Survival Stories of Women in the Nigeria-Biafra War". igboconference.com. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
- ↑ Communication (2017-04-08). "RED Co-Founder, Chude Jideonwo to chair panels at SOAS University of London's Igbo Conference". RED | For Africa. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
- ↑ Words, Africa in (2018-04-11). "Event: 7th Annual International Igbo Conference (21st April, SOAS, London)" . Retrieved 2024-09-10.
- ↑ Rollins, Doug, Phalure Inc (Short, Drama), Sule Rimi, Karlina Grace-Paseda, Kate G. Laycy, Leaps & Bounds Entertainment, MHA Global Productions, retrieved 2024-09-10