Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres, with a population of 3.5 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign state. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.
The transportation system in Mongolia consists of a network of railways, roads, waterways, and airports.
Ulaanbaatar, previously anglicized as Ulan Bator, is the capital and most populous city of Mongolia. It has a population of 1.6 million, and it is the coldest capital city in the world by average yearly temperature. The municipality is located in north central Mongolia at an elevation of about 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) in a valley on the Tuul River. The city was founded in 1639 as a nomadic Buddhist monastic centre, changing location 28 times, and was permanently settled at its modern location in 1778.
The Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) was a socialist state that existed from 1924 to 1992, located in the historical region of Outer Mongolia. Its independence was officially recognized by the Nationalist government of China in 1946. Until 1990, it was a one-party state ruled by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, and maintained close political and economic ties with the Soviet Union, as part of the Eastern Bloc.
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal was a Mongolian politician who led the Mongolian People's Republic from 1952 to 1984. He served as General Secretary of the ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party from 1940 to 1954 and again from 1958 to 1984, as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1952 to 1974, and as Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural from 1974 to 1984.
The Mongolian People's Party (MPP) is a social democratic political party in Mongolia. It was founded as a communist party in 1920 by Mongolian revolutionaries and is the oldest political party in Mongolia.
Khorloogiin Choibalsan was a Mongolian politician who served as the leader of the Mongolian People's Republic as chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) from 1939 until his death in 1952. He was also commander-in-chief of the Mongolian People's Army from 1937, and chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural from 1929 to 1930. His rise to power in the 1930s was personally orchestrated by Joseph Stalin, and his rule was maintained by a repressive state and cult of personality. Choibalsan led a dictatorship and organized Stalinist purges in Mongolia between 1937 and 1939 as head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Ulaangom is the capital of Uvs Province in Mongolia. It is located on the slopes of the Kharkhiraa mountain, 26 kilometres (16 mi) southwest from Uvs Lake shore and 120 kilometres or 70 miles south from the Russian border.
Jambyn Batmönkh was a half-Mongolian communist political leader and economics professor. He was the leader of Mongolia from 1984 until its transition into democracy in 1990.
Anastasia Ivanovna Filatova was the Russian wife of the Mongolian leader Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal.
The architecture of Mongolia is largely based on traditional dwellings, such as the yurt and the tent. During the 16th and 17th centuries, lamaseries were built throughout the country as temples which were later enlarged to accommodate a growing number of worshipers. Mongolian architects designed their temples with six and twelve angles and pyramidal roofs approximating the yurt's round shape. Further expansion led to a quadratic shape in the design of the temples, with roofs in the shape of pole marquees. Trellis walls, roof poles and layers of felt were eventually replaced by stone, brick beams and planks.
The Mongolian Revolution of 1990, known in Mongolia as the 1990 Democratic Revolution, was a peaceful democratic revolution which led to the country's transition to a multi-party system. It was inspired by the economic reforms of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and was one of the many revolutions of 1989. It was led mostly by young demonstrators who rallied at Sükhbaatar Square, in the capital city Ulaanbaatar. The main organisers of the demonstrations included Sanjaasürengiin Zorig, Erdeniin Bat-Üül, Davaadorjiin Ganbold, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, Bat-Erdeniin Batbayar.
Dumaagiin Sodnom is a Mongolian political figure who served as Prime Minister of Mongolia from 1984 to 1990.
Mongolia–Vietnam relations are bilateral relations between Mongolia and Vietnam. Vietnam has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia has an embassy in Hanoi.
Davaadorjiin Ganbold or Ganbold Davaadorj is a prominent Mongolian economist and a politician from the Democratic Party known as Da.Ganbold. He was one of the lead figures in the Mongolian Revolution of 1990 and Mongolian Democratic Union of the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 1990, Ganbold was elected as the Chairman of the Mongolian National Progress Party, which later merged to establish the Mongolian National Democratic Party. Mongolian National Democratic Party was one of the founding members of the current Democratic Party of Mongolia. Ganbold was appointed as the first Deputy Prime Minister of Mongolia between 1990 and 1992.
Dashiin Damba was a Mongolian politician who was the First Secretary of the ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party from 1954 to 1958 during the brief period of collective leadership in the country after the death of Khorloogiin Choibalsan. Damba was ousted and sent into internal exile by leader Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal due to his support for de-Stalinization policies.
Banzarjavyn Baasanjav was General Secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party from 1936 to 1940. Prime Minister Khorloogiin Choibalsan arranged for his arrest and subsequent execution on charges of counterrevolution in 1940 to free up the party leadership role for Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal.
Gombojavyn Ochirbat is a Mongolian politician and trade union leader. He was the General Secretary of the ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party in March and April 1990 amid democratic constitutional reforms, and was then its Chairman from April 1990 to 1991.
Afghanistan–Mongolia relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and Mongolia, two landlocked Asian countries. Afghanistan has a non-resident ambassador in Beijing.
Tsogt-Ochiryn Lookhuuz was a Mongolian state farm official. He was a member of the ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, and head of the Chief Directorate of State Farms from 1956 to 1962. In 1964, Lookhuuz was dismissed and exiled by leader Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal.
