Ustad Mansur

Last updated
Ustad Mansur
Mansur-1.png
Nãdir-al-’Asr ("Unequalled of the age") by Ustad Mansur
Died1624 (1625)
Years activec.1590–1624
Known for
  • Painting
Movement Animal painting
Nature Painting
Mughal Painting

Ustad Mansur (died 1624) was a seventeenth-century Indian painter and naturalist who served as a Mughal court artist. During which period he excelled at depicting plants and animals. He was the earliest artist to depict the dodo in colour, apart from being the first to illustrate the Siberian crane. Towards the end of Akbar's reign, he gained the title of ustad (master) and during the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir his masterpieces earned him the title of Nãdir-al-’Asr (Unequalled of the age). Although he was largely known for his natural history illustrations, he also portrayed people in various manuscript illustrations.

Contents

Life and work

Tulip from Kashmir (c. 1610) by Mansur Naqqash Mansurtulip.jpg
Tulip from Kashmir (c. 1610) by Mansur Naqqash
A painting depicting the dodo ascribed to Ustad Mansur dated to the period 1628-33. This is one of the few coloured images of the dodo made from a living specimen. DodoMansur.jpg
A painting depicting the dodo ascribed to Ustad Mansur dated to the period 1628-33. This is one of the few coloured images of the dodo made from a living specimen.

The year of Mansur's birth is unknown. His name was suffixed in some early miniatures as Naqqash, which can refer to an artist, painter, or carver, indicating that he came from a family that was in an artistic profession. [1] A single miniature showing 'Babur meeting his sister' (folio 8, National Museum) is attributed to Mansur but he otherwise finds no mention in Babur's memoirs ( Baburnama ). [2] He was associated with other artists of the period including Basawan, Miskina and Nanha. During Akbar's reign he appears to have been involved only as a colourist in the plates for the Book of Akbar ( Akbarnama ) and his name is not mentioned by Abu'l-Fazl among the list of artists. Akbar followed the principle that all artwork should include the name of the artist on the margin. The British Museum's copy of the Akbarnama (1604) includes some folios (35,110a,110b and 112a) where his name is prefixed with "ustad" (=master), indicating his rise to excellence. [2]

Early works included parts of portraits and other scenes. The earliest works were made as part of the Baburnama (1590–95) and most of these are as an assistant or a colourist. [3] His Veena-player (c. 1595) and coronation portrait of Jahangir (c. 1605, made along with the artist Manohar) are early works. In 1612, Jehangir received a turkey cock from Goa and this was illustrated by Mansur. In 1619, Jehangir received a Barbary falcon as a gift from Shah Abbas of Persia; Jehangir found it rare and beautifully patterned and when it died, he ordered that a likeness be made of the bird. In 1620, Jehangir visited Kashmir and spotted a brown dipper which he described in his memoirs ( Tuzk-e-Jahangiri ) translated as: [4]

Dipper (c. 1620) from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Brown Dipper juvenile.jpg
Dipper (c. 1620) from the Metropolitan Museum of Art

"... In this stream I saw a bird like a saj. It dives and remains for a long time underneath and then comes up from a different place. I ordered them to catch and bring two or three of these birds, that I might ascertain whether they were waterfowl and were web-footed, or had open feet like land birds. They caught two... One died immediately and the other lived for a day. Its feet were not webbed like a duck's. I ordered Nadirul-asr Ustad Mansur to draw its likeness."

Mansur painted at least one hundred flowers from the Kashmir valley during this period. [5] A red tulip from Kashmir is a better-known painting. The identity of the tulip is however debated with competing suggestions that include Tulipa lanata , T. montana and T. lehmanniana . [6] In 1621, Jehangir was gifted a zebra and this was perhaps the subject of the last miniature painting made by Mansur. It is suggested that his career ended with the reign of Jehangir in 1627. [7] Several other signed works, such as one of the Siberian crane (now no longer a winter migrant to India) and the other of a Bengal florican are in the Indian Museum, Kolkata. Some other works are in the National Museum, Delhi, the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum, Jaipur and the Chhatrapati Sivaji Vastu Sangrahalaya, Mumbai. [8]

Siberian crane (c. 1625) Siberian Crane.jpg
Siberian crane (c. 1625)

Not all of Mansur's birds were based on reality. He also created fantasy birds and many of the compositions such as the flowers and insects in the background are juxtapositions created for effect. [9] It appears that these imaginary birds were made in the style of his senior peers, Miskina and Ikhlas, and were made only early in his career as an artist. [10] In terms of style, Mansur's illustrations focus on detail with a single bird dominating the composition. The birds or animals are in a standing posture or in a feeding stance. He often used plants and insects in the background and the floral borders, characteristic of Mughal works may help in identifying his works. [11]

The most significant paintings, in terms of zoology, are those of the Siberian crane and the dodo. The Siberian crane painting was made well before it was formally described and given a binomial name by Peter Simon Pallas in 1773. The painting of the dodo is among the rare few that were depicted in colour and is a very important source for zoologists. It is thought that the dodo was brought through Surat to Jehangir's court via Portuguese-controlled Goa and the painting of it was discovered in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg and although unsigned has been thought to be the work of Mansur or a close contemporary. [12] [13] [14] Two dodos were described by the English traveller Peter Mundy at Surat and it is thought that the painting is based on one of them. Mundy was in the region between 1628 and 1633. [15] The Siberian crane painted on paper is extremely detailed showing the wrinkles on the bare skin, the legs and a small feather stuck to the claw. Abanindranath Tagore was taken by E. B. Havell, principal of the art school at Calcutta and shown this painting. On examining the detail through a lens, he was inspired to move away from oil on canvas to gouache on paper. [16]

A c. 1612 chameleon at the Royal Gallery attributed to Ustad Mansur Ustad Mansur Chameleon.jpg
A c. 1612 chameleon at the Royal Gallery attributed to Ustad Mansur

Ustad Mansur was not the only artist in the Mughal court to illustrate flora and fauna. Other artists included Abu'l Hasan, Farrukh Beg, Govardhan, Inayat, Manohar, Muhammad Nadir, Murad and Pidarath. Jehangir considered Mansur and Abu'l Hasan to be exceptional artists. [17] Abu'l Hasan was given the titled of Nadir uz Zaman. [5] Several 17th-19th century artists have come to both imitate and copy his works (sometimes with his signature [18] ), especially for export to Europe. It is therefore not easy to assess a true work by Ustad Mansur, which can in case of the chameleon (left) be done by taking in account the quality of the work. The painting is highly detailed and is presumed to be an Indian chameleon on account of the highly detailed view of the feet of the animal showing each foot exhibiting "fused digits in opposed groups", a lighter band by the edge of the mouth, and a line of white scales on the underside of the belly. [19]

Mansur was also a capable portrait artist. His painting of the musician Naubat Khan who worked in the courts of Akbar and later Jahangir is an example. [20] A crater on the planet Mercury is named in honour of Mansur. [21]

Notes

  1. Verma (1999):42
  2. 1 2 Verma (1999):43
  3. Verma (1999):42.
  4. Welch, Stuart Cary, ed. (1987). The Emperors' Album. Images of Mughal India. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 172.
  5. 1 2 Verma (1999):25
  6. Das (2013):148.
  7. Verma (1991):41.
  8. Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN   81-7276-407-1 , p. 815
  9. Das (2013):136.
  10. Das (2013):137.
  11. Verma (1999):53-55.
  12. Das, A.K. 1974. "Ustad Mansur", Lalit Kala 17:32-39.
  13. Rangarajan, M. (2001) India's Wildlife History. Permanent Black. pp. 14,19.
  14. Iwanow, A (1958). "An Indian picture of the Dodo". Journal of Ornithology. 99 (4): 438–440. Bibcode:1958JOrni..99..438I. doi:10.1007/BF01671614. S2CID   23510175.
  15. Stresemann, Erwin (1958). "Wie hat die Dronte (Raphus cucullatus L.) ausgesehen?". Journal of Ornithology (in German). 99 (4): 441–459. Bibcode:1958JOrni..99..441S. doi:10.1007/BF01671615. S2CID   28617863.
  16. Das (2013):114.
  17. Verma (1999):40
  18. Verma (1999):72.
  19. Ustad Mansur. "A chameleon". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 912081.
  20. Crill, Rosemary, Kapil Jariwala (2010). The Indian Portrait, 1560-1860. Mapin Publishing. p. 70.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". NASA & USGS. Retrieved 20 January 2014.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jahangir</span> Mughal emperor from 1605 to 1627

Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim, known by his imperial name Jahangir, was Emperor of Mughal Empire from 1605 until his death in 1627, and the fourth Mughal Emperor.

Wheeler McIntosh Thackston is an American Orientalist. He has edited and translated numerous Chaghatai, Arabic, and Persian literary and historical works.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mughal painting</span> South Asian painting in manuscript miniatures from the Mughal period

Mughal painting is a South Asian style of painting on paper confined to miniatures either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums (muraqqa), originating from the territory of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. It emerged from Persian miniature painting and developed in the court of the Mughal Empire of the 16th to 18th centuries. Battles, legendary stories, hunting scenes, wildlife, royal life, mythology, as well as other subjects have all been frequently depicted in paintings.

<i>Akbarnama</i> 16th-century book by Mughal historian Abul-Fazl

The Baburnama, is the official chronicle of the reign of babur, the third Mughal Emperor, commissioned by Akbar himself and written by his court historian and biographer, Abul Fazl. It was written in Persian, which was the literary language of the Mughals, and includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times. It followed the Baburnama, the more personal memoir by his grandfather, Babur, founder of the dynasty. It was produced in the form of lavishly illustrated manuscripts.

<i>Padshahnama</i> 17th-century Indian history

Padshahnama or Badshah Nama is a group of works written as the official history of the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan I. Unillustrated texts are known as Shahjahannama, with Padshahnama used for the illustrated manuscript versions. These works are among the major sources of information about Shah Jahan's reign. Lavishly illustrated copies were produced in the imperial workshops, with many Mughal miniatures. Although military campaigns are given the most prominence, the illustrations and paintings in the manuscripts of these works illuminate life in the imperial court, depicting weddings and other activities.

<i>Tuzk-e-Jahangiri</i> Autobiography of Mughal Emperor Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir (1569–1627).

Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri or Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri or Jahangir-nama is the autobiography of Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1569–1627). Also referred to as Jahangirnama, the Tuzk-e-Jahangiri is written in Persian, and follows the tradition of his great-grandfather, Babur (1487–1530), who had written the Baburnama; though Jahangir went a step further and besides writing on the history of his reign, he included details such as his reflections on art, politics, and information about his family.

<i>Tutinama</i> 14th-century series of stories

Tutinama, literal meaning "Tales of a Parrot", is a 14th-century series of 52 stories in Persian. The work remains well-known largely because of a number of lavishly illustrated manuscripts, especially a version containing 250 miniature paintings commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in the 1550s. The Persian text used was edited in the 14th century from an earlier anthology 'Seventy Tales of the Parrot' in Sanskrit compiled under the title Śukasaptati dated to the 12th century. In India, parrots are popular as storytellers in works of fiction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Farrukh Beg</span> Persian miniature painter (ca. 1547)

Farrukh Beg, also known as Farrukh Husayn, was a Persian miniature painter, who spent a bulk of his career in Safavid Iran and Mughal India, praised by Mughal Emperor Jahangir as "unrivaled in the age."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhagwant Das</span> Raja of Amber (1527–1589)

Raja Bhagwant Das was the 23rd Kacchwaha ruler of Amber. He also served as the Subahdar of Lahore and the Subahdar of Kabul for a few months in 1586. His sister, Mariam-uz-Zamani, was the chief consort of Mughal emperor Akbar. His son, Man Singh I, one of the Navaratnas of Akbar became the highest-ranking official of his court and his daughter, Man Bai, was the first and chief wife of Prince Salim.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abu'l-Hasan (artist)</span> Mughal miniature painter (1589 – c. 1630)

Abu'l-Hasan, from Delhi, India, was a Mughal painter of miniatures during the reign of Jahangir.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Akbar's tomb</span> Third Mughal Emperor Akbars tomb

Akbar's tomb is the mausoleum of the third and greatest Mughal emperor Akbar. The tomb was built in 1605–1613 by his son, Jahangir and is situated on 119 acres of grounds in Sikandra, a suburb of Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. The buildings are constructed mainly from a deep red sandstone, enriched with features in white marble.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basawan</span> Mughal Indian miniature painter

Basāwan, or Basāvan, was an Indian miniature painter in the Mughal style. He was known by his contemporaries as a skilled colorist and keen observer of human nature, and for his use of portraiture in the illustrations of Akbarnama, Mughal Emperor, Akbar's official Biography, which is seen as an innovation in Indian art.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daniyal Mirza</span> Shahzada of the Mughal Empire

Daniyal Mirza was the shahzada of the Mughal Empire who served as the Viceroy of the Deccan. He was the third son of Emperor Akbar and the half-brother of Emperor Jahangir.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zain Khan Koka</span> Moghul Empire official

Zain Khan Koka was a leading official in the Mugal Empire under Akbar, including serving for a time as governor of Kabul.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)</span> Shahzada of the Mughal Empire

Murad Mirza was a Mughal prince as the second surviving son of Mughal Emperor Akbar and his mother was a royal concubine. He was raised by Salima Sultan Begum until age of 5. He was the maternal grandfather of Nadira Banu Begum, wife of Prince Dara Shikoh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sahib Jamal</span> Wife of Mughal Emperor Jahangir

Sahib Jamal was the wife of Prince Salim, the future Mughal emperor Jahangir and the mother of his second son, Prince Parviz.

Bahar Banu Begum, meaning "spring lady", was a Mughal princess, the daughter of Mughal emperor Jahangir.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daulat (artist)</span> Mughal painter

Muhammad Daulat was a leading artist in Mughal painting, active on imperial commissions between about 1595 and 1635–1640, during the reigns of Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan. He began his career painting large narrative scenes, then specialized in portraits, but later in his career seems to have specialized in highly ornate borders to miniatures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shikargah</span> Hunting Ground

Shikargah, from Persian shikārgāh meaning shikār hunting + gāh ground, is often described as a hunting ground where 'qamargah' or encircling of game occurs, an overtone of war exercise performed within a controlled arena of flora and fauna to create easier shooting and camping for hunting party.

<i>Muraqqa-e Gulshan</i>

The Muraqqaʿ-e Gulshan or Moraqqaʿ-e Golshan is an eclectic album (muraqqa) of miniature paintings, drawings, calligraphy and engravings by Indo-Persian, Deccani, Turkish and European artists.

References