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Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is generally a long-term disorder that causes a strong urge to move one's legs. There is often an unpleasant feeling in the legs that improves somewhat by moving them. This is often described as aching, tingling, or crawling in nature. Occasionally, arms may also be affected. The feelings generally happen when at rest and therefore can make it hard to sleep. Due to the disturbance in sleep, people with RLS may have daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability and a depressed mood. Additionally, many have limb twitching during sleep.
Norwegians are a North Germanic ethnic group native to Norway. They share a common culture and speak the Norwegian language. Norwegian people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
In biology, saltation is a sudden and large mutational change from one generation to the next, potentially causing single-step speciation. This was historically offered as an alternative to Darwinism. Some forms of mutationism were effectively saltationist, implying large discontinuous jumps.
Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated around 25,100 years ago in the Near East.
Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated about 21,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) period in West Asia. The haplogroup is unusual in that it is now widely distributed geographically, but is common in only a few small areas of East Africa, West Asia and Europe. It is especially common among the El Molo and Rendille peoples of Kenya, various regions of Iran, the Lemko people of Slovakia, Poland and Ukraine, the island of Krk in Croatia, the department of Finistère in France and some parts of Scotland.
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The genetic history of Europe since the Upper Paleolithic is inseparable from that of wider Western Eurasia. By about 50-40,000 years ago a basal West Eurasian lineage had emerged out of the undifferentiated "non-African" lineage of 70-50 ka. Both basal East and West Eurasians acquired Neanderthal admixture in Europe and Asia.
Haplogroup T-M184, also known as Haplogroup T is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The UEP that defines this clade is the SNP known as M184. Other SNPs – M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, and L445 – are considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to M184. As a primary branch of haplogroup LT, the basal, undivergent haplogroup T* currently has the alternate phylogenetic name of K1b and is a sibling of haplogroup L*. It has two primary branches: T1 (T-L206) and T2 (T-PH110).
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The genetic history of the British Isles is the subject of research within the larger field of human population genetics. It has developed in parallel with DNA testing technologies capable of identifying genetic similarities and differences between both modern and ancient populations. The conclusions of population genetics regarding the British Isles in turn draw upon and contribute to the larger field of understanding the history of the human occupation of the area, complementing work in linguistics, archaeology, history and genealogy.
The genetic history of current Italians is greatly influenced by geography and history. The ancestors of Italians are mostly Indo-European speakers and pre-Indo-European speakers. During the imperial period of Ancient Rome, the city of Rome was also home to several peoples with origins from diverse regions in the Mediterranean basin, such as Southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, in search of better opportunities or as slaves, but who did not leave a significant or lasting genetic legacy in the subsequent centuries after Rome's decline and fall.
The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) is a population-based epidemiological study consisting of two independent cohorts. The SHIP investigates common risk factors, subclinical disorders and manifest diseases with highly innovative non-invasive methods in the high-risk population of northeast Germany. The study is not interested in one specific disease. The SHIP study´s main aims include the investigation of health in all its aspects and complexity involving the collection and assessment of data relevant to the prevalence and incidence of common, population-relevant diseases and their risk factors.
Haplogroup R-M269 is the sub-clade of human Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b that is defined by the SNP marker M269. According to ISOGG 2020 it is phylogenetically classified as R1b1a1b. It underwent intensive research and was previously classified as R1b1a2, R1b1c, and R1b1b2
Transmembrane protein 57 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM57 gene.
Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 Q2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2Q2 gene.
Diacylglycerol kinase beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DGKB gene.
Jonathan Laurence Marchini is a Bayesian statistician and professor of statistical genomics in the Department of Statistics at the University of Oxford, a tutorial fellow in statistics at Somerville College, Oxford and a co-founder and director of Gensci Ltd. He co-leads the Haplotype Reference Consortium.
Igor Rudan is a Croatian-British scientist, writer, and science communicator. He creates popular science books and documentaries.
References
- ↑ Enrico Massetti, "Reschenpass – Resia Pass", Südtirol and Dolomites, Enrico Massetti Publishing, 2018 ISBN 1329717082.
- 1 2 Cristian Pattaro, Fabio Marroni, Alice Riegler, Deborah Mascalzoni, Irene Pichler, Claudia B Volpato, Umberta Dal Cero, Alessandro De Grandi, Clemens Egger, Agatha Eisendle, Christian Fuchsberger, Martin Gögele, Sara Pedrotti, Gerd K Pinggera, Stefan A Stefanov, Florian D Vogl, Christian J Wiedermann, Thomas Meitinger, Peter P Pramstaller, "The genetic study of three population microisolates in South Tyrol (MICROS): study design and epidemiological perspectives", BMC Medical Genetics, vol. 8, p. 29-43, 2007
- ↑ F. Marroni, D. Grazio, C. Pattaro, M. Devoto, P. Pramstaller, "Estimates of genetic and environmental contribution to 45 quantitative traits support sharing of a homogeneous environment in an isolated population from South Tyrol, Italy", Human Heridity, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 175-182, 2008.
- ↑ Ghazal Zaboli, Adam Ameur, Wilmar Igl, Åsa Johansson, Caroline Hayward, Veronique Vitart, Susan Campbell, Lina Zgaga, Ozren Polasek, Gerd Schmitz, Cornelia van Duijn, Ben Oostra, Peter Pramstaller, Andrew Hicks, Tomas Meitinger, Igor Rudan, Alan Wright, James F Wilson, Harry Campbell, Ulf Gyllensten, "Sequencing of high-complexity DNA pools for identification of nucleotide and structural variants in regions associated with complex traits", European Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 20, pp. 77-83, 2012.
- ↑ Ginevra Biino, Paolo Gasparini, Pio D’Adamo, Marina Ciullo, Teresa Nutile, Daniela Toniolo, Cinzia Sala, Cosetta Minelli, Martin Gögele, Carlo L. Balduini, "Influence of age, sex and ethnicity on platelet count in five Italian geographic isolates: mild thrombocytopenia may be physiological", British Journal of Haematology, vol. 157, iss. 3, pp. 384-387, May 2012.
- ↑ Wilmar Igl, Åsa Johansson, James F. Wilson, Sarah H. Wild, Ozren Polašek, Caroline Hayward, Veronique Vitart, Nicholas Hastie, Pavao Rudan, Carsten Gnewuch, Gerd Schmitz, Thomas Meitinger, Peter P. Pramstaller, Andrew A. Hicks, Ben A. Oostra, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Igor Rudan, Alan Wright, Harry Campbell, Ulf Gyllensten, "Modeling of environmental effects in genome-wide association studies identifies SLC2A2 and HP as novel loci influencing serum cholesterol levels", PLOS Genetics, vol. 6, iss. 1, January 2010.