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Hatshepsut was the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Thutmose II and the fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling first as regent, then as queen regnant from c. 1479 BC until c. 1458 BC. She was Egypt's second certain queen regnant, the first being Sobekneferu/Nefrusobek in the Twelfth Dynasty.
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Amenhotep III, also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent or Amenhotep the Great, was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. According to different authors, he ruled Egypt from June 1386 to 1349 BC, or from June 1388 BC to December 1351 BC/1350 BC, after his father Thutmose IV died. Amenhotep was Thutmose's son by a minor wife, Mutemwiya.
The New Kingdom, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the sixteenth century BC and the eleventh century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasties of Egypt. Radiocarbon dating places the beginning of the New Kingdom between 1570 BC and 1544 BC. The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. It was Ancient Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power.
Peter FitzGerald Dorman is an epigrapher, philologist, and Egyptologist. Recently a professor of history and archaeology at the American University of Beirut (AUB), he served as the 15th President of the university from 2008 to 2015. He spent most of his career as a professor and chair in the department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations (NELC) of the University of Chicago, and was director of Chicago House in Luxor, the Epigraphic Survey field project of the Oriental Institute. He is presently a professor emeritus of the University of Chicago.
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The mortuary temple of Hatshepsut is a mortuary temple built during the reign of Pharaoh Hatshepsut of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Located opposite the city of Luxor, it is considered to be a masterpiece of ancient architecture. Its three massive terraces rise above the desert floor and into the cliffs of Deir el-Bahari. Her tomb, KV20, lies inside the same massif capped by El Qurn, a pyramid for her mortuary complex. At the edge of the desert, 1 km (0.62 mi) east, connected to the complex by a causeway lies the accompanying valley temple. Across the river Nile, the whole structure points towards the monumental Eighth Pylon, Hatshepsut's most recognizable addition to the Temple of Karnak and the site from which the procession of the Beautiful Festival of the Valley departed. The temple's twin functions are identified by its axes: its main east-west axis served to receive the barque of Amun-Re at the climax of the festival, while its north-south axis represented the life cycle of the pharaoh from coronation to rebirth.
Sennefer or Senneferi was an ancient Egyptian official during the 18th Dynasty.
Bas-relief carvings in the ancient Egyptian temple of Deir el-Bahari depict events in the life of the pharaoh or monarch Hatshepsut of the Eighteenth Dynasty. They show the Egyptian gods, in particular Amun, presiding over her creation, and describe the ceremonies of her coronation. Their purpose was to confirm the legitimacy of her status as a woman pharaoh. Later rulers attempted to erase the inscriptions.
Tay was a high official of Ancient Egypt with the main title treasurer. He was in office under Hatshepsut and in the first years of Thutmose III. Tay is only known from three attestations. He appears in a rock inscription on the island of Sehel, in a letter that is dated by context under Hatshepsut and from a stela found on Sinai. The latter inscription is dated to year 25 under king Thutmose III. Tay is shown here standing behind the king. According to the rock inscription on Sehel he was on a military campaign with the queen to Nubia. The inscription also provides the throne name Maatkare, of queen Hatshepsut The exact date of the military enterprise is not known for sure, but may have happened in year 12 of the queen. Tay was therefore in office from about year 12 of Hatshepsut till about year 25 under Thutmose III. Under Hatshepsut there is also attested the treasurer Nehsi. Recently it has been suggested, that the office of the royal treasurer was divided into a northern and into a southern office. According to that, Nehesi was the northern treasurer under Hatshepsut, Tay the southern treasurer.
Seni was an ancient Egyptian official with the titles king's son of Kush, overseer of the southern countries and mayor of the southern city (Thebes). He was in office under the kings Thutmosis I and Thutmosis II. As king's son of Kush he was the main official in charge of the Nubian provinces.
The high steward was an important official at the royal court in Ancient Egypt in the Middle Kingdom and in the New Kingdom. He was the main person in charge of the estates supplying the palace and the royal residence with food. The office appears in the 11th Dynasty. To the earliest title holders belong Henenu and Meketre. After the vizier and the treasurer this was the most important office at the royal court; important title holders of the 12th Dynasty were Siese and Khnumhotep III, both were later in their career appointed vizier.
Penre was an ancient Egyptian official of the New Kingdom, in office under the ruling queen Hatshepsut. Penre was viceroy of Kush. The writing of his name varies on the monuments between Penre (Panre), Pare and Payre. Because of his high titles, he was one of the most important officials at the royal court, ruling the Nubian provinces. Kush is the Ancient Egyptian name for Nubia.
Inebny, also called Amenemnekhu was an ancient Egyptian official of the New Kingdom, in office under the ruling queen Hatshepsut of the 18th Dynasty. Inebny/Amenemnekhu was viceroy of Kush, therefore one of the most important officials at the royal court, ruling the Nubian provinces. Inebny/Amenemnekhu is first attested in year 18 of the queen; a further dated inscription belongs to year 20, while around year 22/23 a certain Nehi was appointed to become viceroy of Kush. Inebny/Amenemnekhu bears two names.
Djehuty was an ancient Egyptian official under the ruling queen Hatshepsut. He bore several important titles that testify his high position at the royal court. His main title was overseer of the silver and gold houses. With this title he was the main person in charge of the treasury at the royal palace. He is attested from year 9 to year 16 of queen Hatshepsut. In year 9 he was involved in the queen's expedition to the foreign land called Punt in Egyptian sources. In year 16 he was inlaying the gold for the obelisks of the queen, that were set up in this year. He was buried in a Theban tomb (TT11). From his tomb are preserved two stelae, one of them with a longer autobiographical inscription reporting mainly building activities in Amun temple at Karnak. At the end of his career Djehuty and his family felt into dishonor. His name is most often erased within his tomb. His parents are the lady of the house Dediu and the zab Abty. The names of the parents are erased too, as are the names of other family members.
Amenhotep was an ancient Egyptian high steward in office during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut. He is mainly known from his tomb and from a series of rock-cut inscriptions in the Aswan region.
Senimen was an ancient Egyptian official who lived at the beginning of the 18th Dynasty and who was tutor of the king's daughter Neferure. The latter had an exceptionally high status under the ruling queen Hatshepsut.
Sememiah was a high ancient Egyptian official of the 18th Dynasty in office under the ruling queen Hatshepsut. His main title was that of an Overseer of the treasuries.
Minmose was an Ancient Egyptian official under the ruling queen Hatshepsut. He was the overseer of the double granary. He is shown in the queen's mortuary temple at Deir el Bahari in a scene depicting the transport of two obelisks. and was therefore evidently involved in the erection of these monuments. He also appears on objects found in the burial KV60 of the nurse Sitre In who was buried in the Valley of the Kings. Minmose might have been buried close the temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el Bahari. There was found a burial in shaft tomb with the remains of a coffin belonging to a person called Minmose. The burial was already heavily looted in ancient times and reused in the 21st Dynasty.
References
- ↑ JJ Shirley: The Power of the Elite: The Officials of Hatshepsut's Regency and Coregency, in: J. Galán, B. M. Bryan, P. F. Dorman (eds.): Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 69, Chicago 2014, ISBN 978-1-61491-024-4, 225-26
- ↑ JJ Shirley: The Power of the Elite: The Officials of Hatshepsut's Regency and Coregency, in: J. Galán, B. M. Bryan, P. F. Dorman (eds.): Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 69, Chicago 2014, ISBN 978-1-61491-024-4, 225