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The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is a law governing the secondary trading of securities in the United States of America. A landmark piece of wide-ranging legislation, the Act of '34 and related statutes form the basis of regulation of the financial markets and their participants in the United States. The 1934 Act also established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the agency primarily responsible for enforcement of United States federal securities law.
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Optiver Holding B.V. is a proprietary trading firm and market maker for various exchange-listed financial instruments. Its name derives from the Dutch optieverhandelaar, or "option trader". The company is privately owned. Optiver trades listed derivatives, cash equities, exchange-traded funds, bonds, and foreign exchange.
Securities market participants in the United States include corporations and governments issuing securities, persons and corporations buying and selling a security, the broker-dealers and exchanges which facilitate such trading, banks which safe keep assets, and regulators who monitor the markets' activities. Investors buy and sell through broker-dealers and have their assets retained by either their executing broker-dealer, a custodian bank or a prime broker. These transactions take place in the environment of equity and equity options exchanges, regulated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), or derivative exchanges, regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). For transactions involving stocks and bonds, transfer agents assure that the ownership in each transaction is properly assigned to and held on behalf of each investor.
References
- ↑ Staff, Investopedia (18 November 2003). "Wash Trading".
- ↑ "Self Trade Prevention Functionality" (PDF). theice.com. September 2013.
- 1 2 Cong, Lin William; Li, Xi; Tang, Ke; Yang (December 2022). "Crypto Wash Trading". Working Paper Series. doi: 10.3386/w30783 .
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - 1 2 von Wachter, Victor; Jensen, Johannes Rude; Regner, Ferdinand; Ross, Omri (2022-02-07). "NFT Wash Trading: Quantifying suspicious behaviour in NFT markets". arXiv: 2202.03866 [cs.CR].
- ↑ Khalid, A. (4 February 2022). "Traders are selling themselves their own NFTs to drive up prices". Engadget.
- ↑ "CFTC Orders Coinbase Inc. to Pay $6.5 Million for False, Misleading, or Inaccurate Reporting and Wash Trading | CFTC". www.cftc.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
- ↑ "Financial Services Authority" (PDF). www.fsa.gov.uk.
- ↑ Advait Jayant - The Economics of Wash Trading in the NFT Markets , retrieved 2023-09-22