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Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind, and which together form a method of treatment for mental disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Sigmund Freud, whose work stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud developed and refined the theory and practice of psychoanalysis until his death in 1939. In an encyclopedic article, he identified the cornerstones of psychoanalysis as "the assumption that there are unconscious mental processes, the recognition of the theory of repression and resistance, the appreciation of the importance of sexuality and of the Oedipus complex." Freud's colleagues Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung developed offshoots of psychoanalysis which they called individual psychology (Adler) and analytical psychology (Jung), although Freud himself wrote a number of criticisms of them and emphatically denied that they were forms of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis was later developed in different directions by neo-Freudian thinkers, such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, and Harry Stack Sullivan.
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Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development relating to the practice of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology. First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work. The psychoanalytic theory came to full prominence in the last third of the twentieth century as part of the flow of critical discourse regarding psychological treatments after the 1960s, long after Freud's death in 1939. Freud had ceased his analysis of the brain and his physiological studies and shifted his focus to the study of the psyche, and on treatment using free association and the phenomena of transference. His study emphasized the recognition of childhood events that could influence the mental functioning of adults. His examination of the genetic and then the developmental aspects gave the psychoanalytic theory its characteristics.
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References
- ↑ "Institute". Western New England Institute for Psychoanalysis. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ Akhtar, Salman; O'Neil, Mary Kay (3 February 2011). On Freud's "The Future of an Illusion". Karnac Books. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-78049-363-3 . Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ Committee on the Health and Adjustment of Immigrant Children and Families; National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (10 September 1998). From Generation to Generation: The Health and Well-Being of Children in Immigrant Families. National Academies Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-309-06561-0 . Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ Fonagy, Peter; Mayes, Linda; Target, Mary (3 February 2011). Developmental Science and Psychoanalysis: Integration and Innovation. Karnac Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-78049-481-4 . Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ Malberg, Norka T.; Raphael-Leff, Joan (28 February 2012). The Anna Freud Tradition: Lines of Development - Evolution and Theory and Practice Over the Decades. Karnac Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-78049-021-2 . Retrieved 18 December 2012.
