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References
- ↑ Nicolai, Julie (July 10, 2023). Enslavement and the Underground Railroad in Missouri and Illinois. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781467154833 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Douglass, Frederick (September 12, 2023). The Frederick Douglass Papers: Series Three: Correspondence: 1866-1880. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300257922 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Bristol, Douglas Walter (November 10, 2009). Knights of the Razor: Black Barbers in Slavery and Freedom. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801892837 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Winch, Julie (May 24, 2011). "The Clamorgans: One Family's History of Race in America". Farrar, Straus and Giroux – via Google Books.
- ↑ Clamorgan, Cyprian (July 30, 1999). "The Colored Aristocracy of St. Louis". University of Missouri Press – via Google Books.
- ↑ "'Purely a human contrivance'". June 19, 2023.
- ↑ Douglass, Frederick (September 12, 2023). "The Frederick Douglass Papers: Series Three: Correspondence: 1866-1880". Yale University Press – via Google Books.
- ↑ Brunson III, James E. (September 12, 2009). "The Early Image of Black Baseball: Race and Representation in the Popular Press, 1871-1890". McFarland – via Google Books.
- ↑ III, James E. Brunson (2009-09-12). The Early Image of Black Baseball: Race and Representation in the Popular Press, 1871-1890. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5425-9.
- ↑ "Francis Roberson cutting hair". STLtoday.com. 2018-01-09. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
- ↑ Wilson, Dreck Spurlock. African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95629-5.
- ↑ Garry, Vanessa; Isaac-Savage, E. Paulette; Williams, Sha-Lai L. (September 1, 2023). "Black Cultural Capital: Activism That Spurred African American High Schools". IAP – via Google Books.
