WNPRC | |
| Address | 1220 Capitol Court |
|---|---|
| Location | Madison, Wisconsin 43°4′7″N89°24′25″W / 43.06861°N 89.40694°W |
| 53715 | |
| Website | primate |
| Map | |
  Location in Wisconsin | |
The Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC) is a federally funded biomedical research facility located at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The WNPRC is part of a network of seven National Primate Research Centers which conduct biomedical research on primates. As of 2020, the center houses approximately 1,600 animals. [1]
The WNPRC describes its mission to involve researching human diseases, studying primate biology, providing "expertise, resources and training" to scientists, and disseminating information about the center. In 2020, the center consisted of 1,600 animals, 190 employees, and 190 trainees. [1]
During the 1960s and 1970s, psychologist Harry Harlow led experiments at the WNPRC in which young monkeys were subjected to social isolation, causing the monkeys to experience severe emotional distress. As part of his experiments, Harlow developed a device called the "pit of despair", which was an isolation chamber where young monkeys were kept for up to ten weeks.
In June 2012, a seven-month-old macaque died after its head was caught between a support bar and enclosure. [2]
In July 2014, a USDA inspection report revealed that since January 1, 2013, there had been 36 incidents of non-human primates escaping from their enclosures. Five of these incidents involved significant injuries to the animals which required surgery or primary closure of wounds. Furthermore, many of these escapes were the result of human errors such as incorrectly closing or securing enclosures. [2]
In February 2013, a five-year-old marmoset was killed as the result of improper use of an anesthesia machine by a veterinary technician. [2]
In October 2013, a macaque sustained a thermal injury after a heat lamp, which was intended to warm the animal, malfunctioned. [2]
In June 2014, a two-year-old macaque died after her head was caught in a chain her cage. [2]
In 2014, psychiatrist Ned Kalin was approved for experiments in which newborn monkeys were to be separated from their mothers, subjected to anxiety-inducing tests, and then euthanized. Kalin's experiments sparked outrage and condemnation, and a petition against Kalin's experiments was signed by over 290,000 people. [3]
In July 2014, a USDA inspection report revealed that since July 2014, there had been two incidents of non-human primates escaping their cages due to technician error, which resulted in the animals experiencing injuries which required amputation and closure of wounds. The same report revealed that there had been three incidents of animal mis-pairing due to technician error, which resulted in injuries and wounds to the animals. [4]
In January 2016, a USDA inspection report revealed that there had been 12 incidents of primates escaping their enclosures. Nine of these cases were due to human error, and three were due to enclosure hardware failure. After their escape, many primates were injured after interacting with other primates. Some of these injuries involved primates losing portions of their tongues, and some required sutures and/or digit amputations. [5]
In December 2015, it was discovered that a drinking water supply line for three rhesus macaques had been disconnected for one to four days. The animals were given IV fluid therapy. After the therapy, two of the animals recovered, but the third did not and was euthanized. [5]
In June 2018, a USDA inspection report revealed that since November 2016, there had been four incidents of macaques escaping their enclosures due to human error or enclosure failure. After escaping, the macaques interacted with other macaques and sustained injuries, which required sutures and/or digit amputation. [6]
In October and November 2017, a marmoset got its foot closed on by an enclosure door on two occasions. As a result, the animal's foot was injured and required digit amputations. [6]
In February and March 2019, primates escaped their enclosures after locks were improperly installed. After their escape, the animals interacted with other primates and sustained injuries. Some of the injuries required surgical repair including sutures, digit amputation, and tongue loss. [7]
In July 2019, a USDA inspection report revealed that as the result of a handling procedure, a marmoset had sustained a femur fracture that required amputation. [7]
In February 2021, a marmoset sustained a foot injury after a door was accidentally closed on its foot. The injury required multiple surgeries and digit amputations. [8]
In August 2021, the USDA reported seven incidents over the past two years due to improper handling by the staff, which caused injuries to multiple primates. The affected primates sustained injuries including partial loss of their tongues, tail injuries, injuries which required digit amputation, and wounds that required sutures. Most injuries were due to interactions between primates after not being properly contained. Of the seven incidents, three were caused by the staff's improper use of locks, and four were caused by the staff's improper use of transport boxes. [8]
The Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC) is Europe's largest primate animal testing research centre. It is a scientific research institute that performs research that contributes to the identification and development of new medicines against deadly diseases. It is located in Rijswijk and employs about 110 people.
Harry Frederick Harlow was an American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship to social and cognitive development. He conducted most of his research at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow worked with him for a short period of time.
The Emory National Primate Research Center located in Atlanta, Georgia, owned by Emory University, is a center of biomedical and behavioral research, is dedicated to improving human and animal health, and is the oldest of seven National Primate Research Centers partially funded by the National Institutes of Health. It is known for its nationally and internationally recognized biomedical and behavioral studies with nonhuman primates by Emory University.
The Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC) is one of seven federally funded National Primate Research Centers in the United States and has been affiliated with Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) since 1998. The center is located on 200 acres (0.81 km2) of land in Hillsboro, Oregon. Originally known as the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center (ORPRC), it was the first of the original seven primate centers established by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The research center is administered and funded by the National Center for Research Resources, receiving $11 million in federal grants annually.
In 1985, a raid took place at a laboratory belonging to the University of California, Riverside (UCR) that resulted in the removal of a monkey by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). This monkey, called Britches, was a stump-tailed macaque who was born into a breeding colony at UCR. He was removed from his mother at birth, had his eyelids sewn shut, and had an electronic sonar device attached to his head—a Trisensor Aid, an experimental version of a blind travel aid, the Sonicguide—as part of a three-year sensory-deprivation study involving 24 infant monkeys. The experiments were designed to study the behavioral and neural development of monkeys reared with a sensory substitution device.
The Silver Spring monkeys were 17 wild-born macaque monkeys from the Philippines who were kept in the Institute for Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland. From 1981 until 1991, they became what one writer called the most famous lab animals in history, as a result of a battle between animal researchers, animal advocates, politicians, and the courts over whether to use them in research or release them to a sanctuary. Within the scientific community, the monkeys became known for their use in experiments into neuroplasticity—the ability of the adult primate brain to reorganize itself.
The California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC) is a federally funded biomedical research facility, dedicated to improving human and animal health, and located on the University of California, Davis, campus. The CNPRC is part of a network of seven National Primate Research Centers developed to breed, house, care for and study primates for medical and behavioral research. Opened in 1962, researchers at this secure facility have investigated many diseases, ranging from asthma and Alzheimer's disease to AIDS and other infectious diseases, and has also produced discoveries about autism. CNPRC currently houses about 4,700 monkeys, the majority of which are rhesus macaques, with a small population of South American titi monkeys. The center, located on 300 acres (1.2 km2) 2.5 miles west of the UC Davis campus, is sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Monkey Jungle is a 30-acre (12 ha) primatarium and zoological park located in South Miami, Florida. Established in 1933 by Joseph DuMond for the exhibition and study of endangered monkeys in semi-natural habitats after releasing 6 Java Macaques into a subtropical forest, the park is now home to over 300 primates.
Cambridge University primate experiments came to public attention in 2002 after the publication that year of material from a ten-month undercover investigation in 1998 by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV). The experiments were being conducted on marmosets, and included the removal of parts of their brains intended to simulate the symptoms of stroke or Parkinson's disease. Some of the research was theoretical, aimed at advancing knowledge of the brain, while some of it was applied.
Woburn Safari Park is a safari park located in Woburn, Bedfordshire, England. Visitors to the park can drive through exhibits, which contain species such as southern white rhino, elephants, tigers and black bears. It is part of the estates of the Duke of Bedford that also includes Woburn Abbey and its 3,000-acre (1,200 ha) deer park. The Safari Park itself covers 360 acres (150 ha).
Experiments involving non-human primates (NHPs) include toxicity testing for medical and non-medical substances; studies of infectious disease, such as HIV and hepatitis; neurological studies; behavior and cognition; reproduction; genetics; and xenotransplantation. Around 65,000 NHPs are used every year in the United States, and around 7,000 across the European Union. Most are purpose-bred, while some are caught in the wild.
The Serengeti-Park in Hodenhagen, Lower Saxony, is a zoo and leisure park in North Germany.
The Bratislava Zoo is a zoo in Bratislava, Slovakia. It is located in the area of Mlynská dolina in the borough Karlova Ves. Opened in 1960, it is the second oldest zoo in Slovakia. The zoo covers an area of 96 hectares, out of which 35 hectares is open to the public. The zoo receives on average around 300,000 visitors annually.
Harlan Sprague Dawley Inc. was a supplier of animals and other services to laboratories for the purpose of animal testing. It provided pre-clinical research tools and services for the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, agrochemicals, industrial chemical, and food industries.
Wingham Wildlife Park is a medium-sized wildlife park situated near Wingham in Kent, UK where it covers an area of 26 acres. In 2011 the species count at the park reached 180 species, growing to over 200 in 2013 covering fish, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates and birds.
A gecker is a vocalization most often associated with infant primates. It is defined as a loud and distinct vocalization, which consists of a broken staccato noise. In 1965, Irven DeVore of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences described geckering as a "single sharp yak sound", which may be repeated. It has also been characterized as "cackling." It is common in to all types of macaques, geckering is also associated with fearful jackals and mongooses. Patas monkeys have also been observed to gecker. In macaques, bickering is associated with spastic jerking of the body. Geckers are also commonly displayed in combination with grimaces.
The Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC) is a federally-funded biomedical research facility located on the Seattle campus of the University of Washington. The WaNPRC is one of seven National Primate Research Centers established by the National Institutes of Health in the 1960s The Washington primate center opened in 1961 and as of 2020, housed over 900 primates. The center is affiliated with the University of Washington Schools of Medicine, Public Health, affiliated research centers and the University of Washington Medical Center. It employs over 150 scientists and staff.
The Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC) is a federally funded biomedical research facility affiliated with Tulane University. The TNPRC is one of seven National Primate Research Centers which conduct biomedical research on primates. The TNPRC is situated in 500 acres of land in Covington, Louisiana, and originally opened as the Delta Regional Primate Center in 1964. The center uses five types of non-human primates in its research: cynomolgus macaques, African green monkeys, mangabeys, pig-tailed macaques and rhesus macaques. The TNPRC employs over three hundred people and has an estimated economic impact of $70.1 million a year.
The Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC) is a federally funded biomedical research facility affiliated with the Texas Biomedical Research Institute. The SNPRC became the seventh National Primate Research Center in 1999.
In 1964 there was an outbreak of monkeypox at Rotterdam Zoo, where two Central/South American giant anteaters were first identified with the disease. Until then, monkeypox was thought to occur only in primates. Housed in one large enclosure, the monkeypox virus subsequently spread to several orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas, guenons, squirrel monkeys, macaques, marmosets and gibbons.