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The Algerian War was a major armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria winning its independence from France. An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare and war crimes. The conflict also became a civil war between the different communities and within the communities. The war took place mainly on the territory of Algeria, with repercussions in metropolitan France.
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Harki is the generic term for native Muslim Algerians who served as auxiliaries alongside the French Army during the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962. The word sometimes applies to all Algerian Muslims who supported French Algeria during the war. The motives for enlisting were mixed. They were regarded as traitors in independent Algeria and thousands of them were reportedly killed after the war in reprisals, despite the Évian Accords ceasefire and amnesty stipulations. President Charles de Gaulle controversially made the decision to not give the Harkis sanctuary in France, viewing them as "soldiers of fortune" who should be discharged as soon as possible.
The Évian Accords were a set of peace treaties signed on 18 March 1962 in Évian-les-Bains, France, by France and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic, the government-in-exile of FLN, which sought Algeria's independence from France. The Accords ended the 1954–1962 Algerian War with a formal cease-fire proclaimed for 19 March and formalized the status of Algeria as an independent nation and the idea of cooperative exchanges between the two countries.
The Sétif and Guelma massacre was a series of attacks by French colonial authorities and pied-noir European settler militias on Algerian civilians in 1945 around the market town of Sétif, west of Constantine, in French Algeria. In response to French police firing on demonstrators at a protest on 8 May 1945, native Algerians rioted in the town. Others attacked French settlers (colons) in the surrounding countryside, resulting in 102 deaths. The French colonial authorities and European settlers retaliated by killing an estimated 6,000 to 45,000 Muslims in the region.
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The 1962 Isly massacre was an incident during the Algerian War when French Army soldiers opened fire on a crowd of Pied-Noir demonstrators marching in support of France's control over Algeria on 26 March 1962. Following the army's blockade of Bab El Oued, which served as the headquarters of the Organisation armée secrète (OAS), the OAS called for massive demonstrations to force an end to the blockade. In response to the call, as well as news of the signing of the Évian Accords, which ended the Algerian War by confirming Algeria's independence, crowds of anti-independence Pied-Noirs marched throughout Algiers, denouncing the treaty.
Maboula Soumahoro is a French scholar and Afro-feminist whose parents came to France from the Ivory Coast in the late 1960s. An associate professor in the English department of the University of Tours, she specializes in studies on Afro-American diaspora and has published a paper on Rastafari. A contributor to the French committee on the history of slavery, Soumahoro launched the French version of Black History Month in 2011. In 2020, she published Le triangle et l’hexagone inspired by her own experiences as an anti-racist Black French Muslim.
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References
- 1 2 3 "Who's a Muslim?". France-Amérique. 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- ↑ Ivey, Beatrice. "Saint-Maurice-l'Ardoise Harki Camp – Pieds-Noirs". Pied Noirs. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- 1 2 3 4 "Zahia Rahmani". Evene.fr (in French). Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- 1 2 3 4 "Zahia Rahmani - INHA". INHA. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
- ↑ ""Muslim": A Novel by Zahia Rahmani". World Literature Today. 2019-06-14. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- ↑ "Independent journalism cooperative Brick House has launched; Zahia Rahmani awarded the 2020 Albertine Prize". Book Forum. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- ↑ "France, story of a childhood". French Culture.
- ↑ "Book Review: "France: Story of a Childhood" -- A Timely Memoir of Liberation". The Arts Fuse. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
- 1 2 "Zahia Rahman". NYU Gallatin.
- ↑ "Made in Algeria". Ibraaz. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
- ↑ "Seismography of Struggle". The Gallatin Galleries. 2018-09-06. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
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