1299

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Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1299 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar 1299
MCCXCIX
Ab urbe condita 2052
Armenian calendar 748
ԹՎ ՉԽԸ
Assyrian calendar 6049
Balinese saka calendar 1220–1221
Bengali calendar 706
Berber calendar 2249
English Regnal year 27  Edw. 1   28  Edw. 1
Buddhist calendar 1843
Burmese calendar 661
Byzantine calendar 6807–6808
Chinese calendar 戊戌年 (Earth  Dog)
3996 or 3789
     to 
己亥年 (Earth  Pig)
3997 or 3790
Coptic calendar 1015–1016
Discordian calendar 2465
Ethiopian calendar 1291–1292
Hebrew calendar 5059–5060
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 1355–1356
 - Shaka Samvat 1220–1221
 - Kali Yuga 4399–4400
Holocene calendar 11299
Igbo calendar 299–300
Iranian calendar 677–678
Islamic calendar 698–699
Japanese calendar Einin 7 / Shōan 1
(正安元年)
Javanese calendar 1210–1211
Julian calendar 1299
MCCXCIX
Korean calendar 3632
Minguo calendar 613 before ROC
民前613年
Nanakshahi calendar −169
Thai solar calendar 1841–1842
Tibetan calendar 阳土狗年
(male Earth-Dog)
1425 or 1044 or 272
     to 
阴土猪年
(female Earth-Pig)
1426 or 1045 or 273
Sultan Osman I (r. 1299-1324) Osman Gazi2.jpg
Sultan Osman I (r. 1299–1324)
Mongol invasions of the Levant (1299-1303). Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar is located at 3rd Homs (Homs), in Syria. Mongol raids into Syria and Palestine ca 1300.svg
Mongol invasions of the Levant (1299–1303). Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar is located at 3rd Homs (Homs), in Syria.

Year 1299 ( MCCXCIX ) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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  • Spring Mongol invasion of India: Duwa Khan, Mongol ruler of the Chagatai Khanate, sends his sons Qutlugh Khwaja and Duwa Temür with an army of some 50,000 horsemen over the border. The Mongols bypass villages to maximize speed, intending to strike directly at Delhi itself. At the Jumna River, Mongol forces under Qutlugh defeated Zafar Khan, and are forced to retreat to Delhi. News of the defeat causes thousands to abandon their homes, the capital is soon flooded with refugees. The streets, the markets and the mosques become overcrowded. Meanwhile, the merchant caravans headed for Delhi are interrupted by the Mongols. [9]
  • February 25 Sultan Alauddin Khalji orders the army (some 35,000 men) to prepare for the march to Gujarat. One part of the army under Nusrat Khan starts its march from Delhi. Another part, led by Ulugh Khan, marches from Sindh and attacks Jaisalmer along the way. When the army returns from raiding Gujarat, Mongol soldiers stage a mutiny over payment of khums (one-fifth of the share of loot). The mutiny is crushed, the mutineer families in Delhi are punished and executed. [10] [11]
  • Battle of Kili: Alauddin Khalji raises forces (some 70,000 men with 700 elephants) and attacks the Mongols under Qutlugh Khwaja north of Delhi. Zafar Khan, looking to avenge his defeat on the River Jumna, leads the first charge, attacking the Mongol left flank, which breaks before him. Zafar gives chase to drive them from the field – but he is ambushed by a feigned retreat. He is captured and executed with all his men. Qutlugh is wounded in battle and dies during the return journey. [12]
  • May 10 King Kyawswa of Pagan and his son, Crown Prince Theingapati, are executed at Myinsaing, by the three brothers of the Myinsaing Kingdom (nominally Kyawswa's viceroys), for submitting and being a vassal to the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty (since 1297).
  • July 27 Osman I (or Othman) declares the Anatolian beylik (principality) to be independent of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, originating the Ottoman Empire. Osman becomes the founder and the first ruler, with Söğüt as the capital, which will last until the 1920s.
  • The Kingdom of Singapura is founded by Sang Nila Utama, a Srivijaya prince. Upon his coronation, he adopts the official title Sri Tri Buana (translated as "Lord of Three Worlds"). [13]

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The 1300s was a decade of the Julian Calendar that began on 1 January 1300 and ended on 31 December 1309.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1300</span> Calendar year

The year 1300 (MCCC) was a leap year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar, the 1300th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 300th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 13th century, and the 1st year of the 1300s. The year 1300 was not a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1277</span> Calendar year

Year 1277 (MCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

The 1280s is the decade starting January 1, 1280 and ending December 31, 1289.

The 1290s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1290, and ended on December 31, 1299.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1303</span> Calendar year

Year 1303 (MCCCIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1304</span> Calendar year

Year 1304 (MCCCIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1305</span> Calendar year

Year 1305 (MCCCV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1316</span> Calendar year

Year 1316 (MCCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1298</span> Calendar year

Year 1298 (MCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1290</span> Calendar year

Year 1290 (MCCXC) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Mulay, Mûlay, Bulay was a general under the Mongol Ilkhanate ruler Ghazan at the end of the 13th century. Mulay was part of the 1299–1300 Mongol offensive in Syria and Palestine, and remained with a small force to occupy the land after the departure of Ghazan. He also participated in the last Mongol offensive in the Levant in 1303. His name has caused confusion for some historians, because of its similarity with that of the contemporary Grand Master of the Knights Templar, Jacques de Molay.

Hizabruddin, better known by his title Zafar Khan, was a general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He held charge of Multan, Samana, and Sivistan, Sindh at various times during Alauddin's reign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)</span> Battle in the Mamluk-Ilkhanid War

The Battle of Marj al-Saffar, also known as the Battle of Shaqhab, took place on April 20 through April 22, 1303 between the Mamluks and the Mongols and their Armenian allies near Kiswe, Syria, just south of Damascus. The battle has been influential in both Islamic history and contemporary time because of the controversial jihad against other Muslims and Ramadan related fatwas issued by Ibn Taymiyyah, who himself joined the battle. The battle, a disastrous defeat for the Mongols, put an end to Mongol invasions of the Levant.

The Mongol Empire launched numerous invasions into the Indian subcontinent from 1221 to 1327, with many of the later raids made by the Qaraunas of Mongol origin. The Mongols occupied parts of the subcontinent for decades. As the Mongols progressed into the Indian hinterland and reached the outskirts of Delhi, the Delhi Sultanate of India led a campaign against them in which the Mongol army suffered serious defeats.

Qutlugh Khwaja was a son of Duwa, the Mongol khan of Chagatai Khanate, a division of the Mongol Empire. He became a chief of the Qara'unas in Afghanistan after Abdullah was recalled by the Khan to Central Asia in around 1298–1299. It seems that later Ilkhans allowed him to settle with his Qaranaus in Afghanistan, though they were struggling with each other.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alauddin Khalji</span> Turco-Afghan emperor of Khalji dynasty 1296–1316

Alauddin Khalji, born Ali Gurshasp, was a ruler from the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent. Alauddin instituted a number of significant administrative changes in India, related to revenues, price controls, and society. He also successfully fended off several Mongol invasions of India.

Almas Beg, better known by his title Ulugh Khan, was a brother and a general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He held the iqta' of Bayana in present-day India.

The Battle of Kili was fought in 1299 between the Mongols of the Chagatai Khanate and the Delhi Sultanate. The Mongols, led by Qutlugh Khwaja, invaded India, intending to conquer Delhi. When they encamped at Kili near Delhi, the Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji led an army to check their advance.

In 1298–99, a Mongol army invaded the Sindh region of the Delhi Sultanate, and occupied the fort of Sivistan in present-day Pakistan. The Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji dispatched his general Zafar Khan to evict the Mongols. Zafar Khan recaptured the fort, and imprisoned the Mongol leader Saldi and his companions.

References

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  6. On The World's Oldest Bowling Green (Motion picture). British Pathé. July 18, 1927. Retrieved July 17, 2022. On the World's oldest bowling green (AD 1299). Sir John Russell installs "Sir" W. Day, 1927's winner over 350 year old competition for honour of knighthood of the Green.
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