1813 in science

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The year 1813 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

• April – William Charles Wells reads a paper to the Royal Society of London making the first clear statement about natural selection. ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}
• Charles Waterton begins the process of turning his estate at Walton Hall, West Yorkshire, England, into what is, in effect, the world's first nature reserve. ^[5]

Chemistry

• Mathieu Orfila publishes his groundbreaking Traité des poisons, formalizing the field of toxicology. ^[6]
• Louis Jacques Thénard commences publication of his textbook Traité de chimie élémentaire, théorique et pratique in Paris.
• Edward Howard invents the enclosed vacuum pan for refining sugar.

Exploration

• May 11 – Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth leave on an expedition to cross the Blue Mountains (New South Wales).

Mathematics

• S. D. Poisson publishes Poisson's equation, his correction of Laplace's second order partial differential equation for potential. ^[7]

Physics

• British engineer Peter Ewart supports the idea of the conservation of energy in his paper "On the measure of moving force".

Sociology

• Henri de Saint-Simon publishes Physiologie sociale.

Technology

• Probable date – George E. Clymer invents the Columbian press.

Institutions

• March 1 – Sir Humphry Davy employs Michael Faraday as "chemical assistant" at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in London.

Awards

• Copley Medal: William Thomas Brande ^[8]

Births

• January 19 – Henry Bessemer, English inventor (died 1898)
• February 18 – Karl Weltzien, Russian-born German inorganic chemist, an organizer of the Karlsruhe Congress (died 1870)
• March 19 – David Livingstone, Scottish missionary and explorer (died 1873)
• April 16 - Justin Benoît, French surgeon and anatomist (died 1893) ^[9]
• July 12 – Claude Bernard, French physiologist (died 1878)
• October 17 – Georg Büchner, Hessian-born writer and anatomist (died 1837)
• December 19 – Thomas Andrews, Irish chemist (died 1885)
• December 29 – Alexander Parkes, English chemist (died 1890)
• William Bullock, American inventor (died 1867)

Deaths

• April 10 – Joseph Louis Lagrange, Piedmont-born mathematician (born 1736)
• April 19 – Benjamin Rush, Founding Father of the United States, chemist and physician (born 1746)
• April 27 – General Zebulon Pike, American explorer (born 1779)
• May – Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger, German zoologist (born 1775)
• July 22 – George Shaw, English naturalist (born 1751)
• August 23 – Alexander Wilson, Scottish American ornithologist (born 1766)

References

1. Published posthumously in 1818 in his Two Essays .
2. Green, J. H. S. (1957). "William Charles Wells FRS (1757–1817)". Nature . 179 (4568): 997–99. Bibcode:1957Natur.179..997G. doi:10.1038/179997a0. PMID   13430768.
3. Darwin, Charles (1866). "Historical Sketch". On the Origin of Species by means of natural selection (4th & subsequent ed.). London: Murray. [Wells] distinctly recognises the principle of natural selection, and this is the first recognition which has been indicated.
4. Glass, Bentley; et al., eds. (1959). Forerunners of Darwin, 1745-1859 . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. p.  369.
5. Blackburn, Julia (1989). Charles Waterton, 1782-1865: traveller and conservationist. London: The Bodley Head. pp. 52–9. ISBN   978-0-370-31248-4.
6. Bertomeu-Sánchez, José Ramón; Nieto-Galan, Agustí, eds. (2006). Chemistry, Medicine and Crime: Mateu J. B. Orfila (1787–1853) and his times. Sagamore Beach, MA: Science History Publications. ISBN   978-0-88135-275-7.
7. Bulletin de la société philomatique.
8. "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
9. "Notice no. LH/181/49". Base Léonore (in French).