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| See also: | Other events of 1916 List of years in Afghanistan | ||||
The following lists events that happened during 1916 in Afghanistan .
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| See also: | Other events of 1916 List of years in Afghanistan | ||||
The following lists events that happened during 1916 in Afghanistan .
The amir maintained his neutrality in World War I, and the state did not become involved in the troubles of Persia. At the end of the year information was published concerning a German mission sent to Afghanistan in the previous year. It appeared that Kaiser Wilhelm had sent a German officer, Lieut. Werner Otto von Hentig, accompanied by certain Indian revolutionaries who lived in Berlin, on a mission to the amir, with the object of inducing him to attack India. The members of the mission succeeded in making their way through Persia, by breaking up into small parties, and they remained in Afghanistan nearly a year. Nevertheless, the amir refused the Turco-German proposals, and after the mission left Afghanistan in May 1916, some of the members were captured by the Russians and British as they were trying to get back to Turkey.
Abdur Rahman Khan was Emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901. He is known for uniting the country after years of internal fighting and negotiation of the Durand Line Agreement with British India.
"The Great Game" was a political and diplomatic confrontation that existed for most of the 19th century between Great Britain and Russia over Afghanistan and neighbouring territories in Central and South Asia. Britain was fearful of Russia invading India to add to the vast empire that Russia was building in Asia. As a result there was a deep atmosphere of distrust and the talk of war between the two empires. Britain made it a high priority to protect all the approaches to India, and the "great game" is primarily how the British did this. Historians with access to the archives have concluded that Russia had no plans involving India, as the Russians repeatedly stated.
The following lists events that happened during 1921 in Afghanistan.
Related to 1896 in Afghanistan: Negotiations are going on between the Indian government and the amir tending to the appointment of a joint commission for determining the last 100 miles (160 km) of Indo-Afghan frontier yet unsettled, from Landi Kotal in the Khyber to Nawar Kotal on the Kunar River.
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, also Nassereddin Shah Qajar, was the Shah of Persia from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated. He was the son of Mohammad Shah Qajar and Malek Jahān Khānom and the third longest reigning monarch in Iranian history after Shapur II of the Sassanid dynasty and Tahmasp I of the Safavid Dynasty. Nasser al-Din Shah had sovereign power for close to 50 years and was also the first modern Iranian monarch to formally visit Europe.
The Seistan Force, originally called East Persia Cordon, was a force of British Indian Army troops set up to prevent infiltration by German and Ottoman agents from Persia (Iran) into Afghanistan during World War I. The force was established to protect British interests in Persia from subversion by German agents, most notably Wilhelm Wassmuss. The force was also tasked to intercept and destroy the Turco-German expedition to Kabul that sought Afghan alliance in the Central war effort and Afghan assistance to wartime revolutionary conspiracies in India.
Faiz Mohammad Kātib Hazāra most known as Kātib was son of Saeed Mohammad b. Khudydad was born in 1862 or '63, in Zard Sang village of Qarabagh District, Ghazni Province of Afghanistan, he spent a part of his life in Nawur District another district of Ghazni, and died in Kabul in March 3, 1931. He was an ethnic Hazara and was of Muhammad Khwaja Hazara clan. He was Afghan court chronicler, a skilled calligrapher and secretary to Emir Habib Ullah Khan from 1901 to 1919. He was a well known historian, writer and intellectual, among the renowned group of Afghans seeking social and political changes in the country at the beginning of the 20th century, which shaped early regional politics from Afghanistan to Morocco therefore many of the Afghan people say the government should have named him as the Father of Afghanistan History. He was a member of what became known as Junbish-i Mashrutyat or The Constitutionalist Movement.
Azad Hind is the Hindi translation of "Free India".
The Persian Campaign or Invasion of Iran was a series of engagements in Iranian Azerbaijan region involving the forces of the Ottoman Empire against those of the British Empire and Russian Empire, and also involving local Persian population elements, beginning in December 1914 and ending with the Armistice of Mudros on October 30, 1918, as part of Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.
The following lists events that happened during 1903 in Afghanistan.
Abdallah ibn Amir was a governor of Basra (647–656) and a notably successful military general during the reign of Rashidun Caliph Uthman ibn Affan. His father was a maternal uncle of Caliph Uthman, thus making Abdallah a cousin of Uthman. He is well known for his administrative and military prowess; his campaign of reconquest and pacification of former territories of the Persian Empire has left a legacy of Islamization in both Iran and Afghanistan.
Oskar Ritter von Niedermayer was a German General, professor and a German super-spy. Sometimes referred to as the German Lawrence, Niedermayer is remembered for having led the 1915–1916 Persian and Indo-German-Turkish mission to Afghanistan and Persia during World War I in an endeavor to incite the Emir Habibullah Khan to attack British India, as a part of the Persian and Hindu German Conspiracy as an adjunct to the German War effort. Between the World Wars, Niedermayer was associated with the Universities of Munich and Berlin.
The Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition, also known as the Kabul Mission, was a diplomatic mission to Afghanistan sent by the Central Powers in 1915–1916. The purpose was to encourage Afghanistan to declare full independence from the British Empire, enter World War I on the side of the Central Powers, and attack British India. The expedition was part of the Hindu–German Conspiracy, a series of Indo-German efforts to provoke a nationalist revolution in India. Nominally headed by the exiled Indian prince Raja Mahendra Pratap, the expedition was a joint operation of Germany and Turkey and was led by the German Army officers Oskar Niedermayer and Werner Otto von Hentig. Other participants included members of an Indian nationalist organisation called the Berlin Committee, including Maulavi Barkatullah and Chempakaraman Pillai, while the Turks were represented by Kazim Bey, a close confidante of Enver Pasha.
The Berlin Committee, later known as the Indian Independence Committee after 1915, was an organisation formed in Germany in 1914 during World War I by Indian students and political activists residing in the country. The purpose of the Committee was to promote the cause of Indian Independence. Initially called the Berlin–Indian Committee, the organisation was renamed the Indian Independence Committee in 1915 and came to be an integral part of the Hindu–German Conspiracy. Famous members of the committee included Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, Chempakaraman Pillai and Abinash Bhattacharya
The Silk Letter Movement refers to a movement organised by Deobandi leaders between 1913 and 1920, aimed at freeing India from British rule by forming an alliance with Ottoman Turkey, Imperial Germany, and Afghanistan. This plot was uncovered by the Punjab CID with the capture of letters from Ubaidullah Sindhi, one of the Deobandi leaders then in Afghanistan, to Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, another leader then in Persia. The letters were written on silk cloth, hence the name.
The Intelligence Bureau for the East was a German intelligence organisation established on the eve of World War I dedicated to promoting and sustaining subversive and nationalist agitations in the British Indian Empire and the Persian and Egyptian satellite states. Attached to the German Foreign Office, it was headed by archaeologist Baron Max von Oppenheim and, during the war, worked intricately with the deposed Khedive Abbas II of Egypt, and Indian revolutionary organisations including the Berlin Committee, Jugantar, the Ghadar Party, as well as with prominent Muslim socialists including Maulavi Barkatullah. Aside from Oppenheim himself, recruits to the Bureau included Franz von Papen, later briefly the Chancellor of the Weimar Republic, Wilhelm Wassmuss, Gunther von Wesendonck, Ernst Sekunna and others. Oppenheim was replaced in 1915 by Schabinger von Schowingen, and later in 1916 by Eugen Mittwoch, internationally the most respected and prestigious German orientalist, who recruited more liberal and cosmopolitan people for the Nachrichtenstelle such as Friedrich Schrader, his Swiss associate Max Rudolf Kaufmann or the young Nahum Goldmann.
Relations between Afghanistan and Germany have historically been strong. 100 years of "friendship" was celebrated in 2016, with the Afghan President calling it a "historical relationship".
There was once a small but important community of Armenians in Afghanistan, centred at Kabul; they were welcome.
Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations refer to bilateral relations between Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. There has been an Afghan embassy in London since 1922 though there was no accredited Afghan ambassador from 1981 to 2001.
Liwa Fatemiyoun, literally "Fatimid Banner", also known as Fatemiyoun Division, Fatemiyoun Brigade, or Hezbollah Afghanistan, is an Afghan Shia militia formed in 2014 to fight in Syria on the side of the government.
